General Flashcards
Which group is group 1
Alkali metals (Lithium sodium potassium rubidium caesium francium)
Which group is group 2
Alkaline earth metals (Beryllium magnesium calcium strontium barium radium)
Give common non metals in group 16
Oxygen Sulphur
What does a period mean
How many eelctron levels an element has
What does a group indicate
How many electrons it has in the outer shell
Which group is group 17
Halogens (Fluorine chlorine bromine iodine astatine)
Which group is group 18
Noble gases (Helium neon argon krypton xenon radon)
What happens to equilibrium when you increase conc. of reactants?
Moves right to remove added reactants
What happens to equilibrium when you decrease conc. of reactants?
Moves left to replace some of the reactants
What happens to equilibrium when you increase conc. of products?
Moves left to remove added products
What happens to equilibrium when you decrease conc. of products?
Movcs right to replace products
What happens when you increase temperature to equilibrium?
Moves to oppose change.
Moves to the endothermic side, so there are less products of the exothermic reaction.
And vice versa
What happens to equilibrium when you increase pressure?
Moves to the side with fewer molecules to lower the pressure. More of the side with fewer molecules is produced.
Equation for volume of gas at RTP
Moles * 24
Oxidation state of a group 1 metal in a compound?
+1
Oxidation state of a group 2 metal in a compound?
+2
Oxidation state of oxygen in a compound? (and exception)
-2
Exception = In peroxides like H2O2, O = -1
When combined with fluorine eg OF2 O= +2
Oxidation state of a hydrogen atom in a compound?
Almost always +1
Do ionic compounds have low or high melting points?
High
Do molecular compounds have low or high melting points?
Low
Do molecular substances conduct electricity?
No❤️
Melting point of giant covalent substances
High
Which giant covalent substance conducts electricity?
Graphite as there are delocalized electrons between layers
Do group 1 metals conduct?
Yes, heat and electricity
Trend of melting points of group 1 metals
Low for metals, decrease down the group
Trend of density of group 1 metals
Low for metals, increases down the group
Trend of hardness of group 1 metals
Soft and become softer going down
Trend of reactivity of group 1 metals
Get more reactive going down. Very reactive.
Trend of melting points of group 17 elements
Low, increase down the group
Do group 17 elements conduct
No❤️
Reactivity series of halogens for displacement
Chlorine Bromine Iodine (decreasing)
Trend of melting points for group 18 elements
Very low, increase down the group
Trend of densities of noble gases
Increase down the group
How to work out Rf
distance travelled by sample / distance travelled by solvent
Is neutralisation often endo or exothermic?
Exothermic
Is breaking bonds exothermic or endothermic?
Endothermic
Is making bonds exothermic or endothermic?
Exothermic
Does an exothermic reaction have a positive or negative energy change?
Negative
How do you calculate enthalpy change?
Bonds broken - bonds formed
Which electrode is the anode?
The positive one, where ions are oxidised
Which electrode is the cathode?
The negative one, where ions are reduced
Why is DC used in electrolysis rather than AC?
Because current has to pass in one direction only.
When will hydrogen be produced at the cathode?
In aqueous solutions when the metal ions are are MORE reactive than hydrogen, hydrogen ions will be reduced
When will oxygen be produced at the anode
In aqeuous solutions OH- ions will be oxidised, unless there are halide ions present
What happens when alcohols react with sodium?
Produce hydrogen gas and a colourless solution such as sodium ethoxide
What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid
CnH2n+1COOH
Which metals are less reactive than hydrogen?
Copper silver gold and platinum
Which metals can be extracted from their ores using reduction by carbon or carbon monoxide?
Metals less reactive than carbon
Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead and those below Hydrogen
Common properties of transition metals
able to form stable ions in different oxidation states
form coloured compounds
used at catalysts
Test for hydrogen
Squeaky pop with burning splint
Test for Oxygen
Relights glowing splint
Test for carbon dioxide
Turns limewater cloudy
Test for chlorine
Damp blue litmus paper turns red and is then bleached
Test for carbonates
React with dilute acid. Releases carbon dioxide
Test for halides
Aq. solution of silver nitrate and dilute nitric acid.
Forms precipitate with silver
Colour of Silver Iodide
Yellow
Colour of Silver Bromide
Cream
Colour of Silver Chloride
White
Test for sulfates
Add dilute Nitric acid or HCl, followed by barium nitrate or chloride. White precipitate of BaSO4 formed.
In what order should tests for anions be conducted?
Carbonates
Sulfates
Halides
What is the flame test colour for lithium?
Crimson red
What is the flame test colour for Sodium?
Yellow-orange
What is the flame test colour for Potassium?
Lilac
What is the flame test colour for Calcium?
Red-orange
What is the flame test colour for Copper?
Green
How can you test for metal cations?
Add sodium hydroxide to a solution of the metal ion. Precipitate formed
Sodium hydroxide test colour for Magnesium ions?
White
Sodium hydroxide test colour for Calcium ions?
White
Sodium hydroxide test colour for Aluminium ions?
White
Sodium hydroxide test colour for Copper ions?
Blue
Sodium hydroxide test colour for Fe2+ ions?
Green
Sodium hydroxide test colour for Fe3+ ions?
Brown
How do you test for water?
Add water to copper(II) sulfate crystals, turns blue
How to greenhouse gases lead to global warming?
Let through shortwave radiation, reflect longwave radiation
What is the danger of SO2 sulphur dioxide?
Sulfuric acid rain
What is the danger of Nitrous oxides?
Nitric acid rain
