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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

orientation of collagen fibers in superficial zone of cartilage

A

parallel to articular surface

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2
Q

which zone has highest and lowest amounts of proteoglycans?

A

superficial zone has lowest, deep zone has highest

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3
Q

orientation of collagen fibers in deep zone of cartilage

A

perpendicular to articular surface

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4
Q

what type of collagen is seen in the physis?

A

type X

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5
Q

what is decorin’s role in collagen?

A

important in controlling fibrillar collagen fiber diameter

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6
Q

which cytokines are important in cartilage degradation?

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha

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7
Q

what is creep?

A

gradual deformation with constant loading

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8
Q

what is the slope of a load-deformation curve?

A

stiffness

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9
Q

what determines stiffness?

A

structural property based on material and shape of structure

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10
Q

how do you calculate the strength of a cylinder?

A

third power of the radius

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11
Q

what is the main stem cell driver in osteoblast formation?

A

RUNX2, aka CBF-alpha-1

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12
Q

what mutation causes cleidocranial dysplasia?

A

heterozygous loss-of-function mutation in Cbfa-1 (RUNX2) gene

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13
Q

what is denosumab?

A

RANK ligand inhibitor, dosed every 6 months

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14
Q

what zone of the growth plate is affected by physeal fractures?

A

hypertrophic zone

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15
Q

what zone of the growth plate does rickets affect?

A

hypertrophic zone

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16
Q

what is vitamin D’s role in the RANK cascade?

A

vitamin D (cholecalciferol) is converted to 1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol by the kidney –> upregulates RANKL produced by osteoblasts –> stimulates preosteoclasts

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17
Q

nuclear factor for stem cell differentiation into adipose

A

PPARy2

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18
Q

nuclear factor for stem cell differentiation into myoblast

A

MyoD

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19
Q

how does PTH affect bone formation?

A

intermittent PTH –> increases bone formation. continuous PTH –> osteoclastogenesis –> bone resorption

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20
Q

how are vitamin D levels best measured?

A

25 hydroxycholecalciferol (post hepatic metabolite)

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21
Q

what is osteoconductive?

A

allows for bone ingrowth (provides the scaffolding)

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22
Q

what is osteoinductive?

A

stimulates cells to become osteoblasts and make bone

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23
Q

mechanism of non-nitrogen containing bisphosphonates

A

metabolized intracellularly to analog of ATP that is cytotoxic to macrophages

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24
Q

cause of type 1 vitamin D-dependent rickets

A

defect in renal enzyme that activates Vitamin D in the kidney, autosomal recessive

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25
Q

cause of type 2 vitamin D-dependent rickets

A

deficiency of vitamin D receptor, autosomal recessive

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26
Q

what is sensitivity?

A

percentage of times that a positive test detects the diease

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27
Q

what is specificity?

A

percentage of negative results seen in the absence of disease

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28
Q

what does rifampin work on?

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase F

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29
Q

which bacteria can become resistant to which antibiotics through active efflux pumps?

A

erythromycin, tetracycline

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30
Q

which bacteria can become resistant to which antibiotics through alterations in the outer membrane porins?

A

B-lactams, tetracylcine, quinolones, trimethoprim

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31
Q

what structure is predominant in crimp?

A

elastin

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32
Q

which sensory nerve ending in tendon detects changes in muscle tension and pressure?

A

golgi tendon organs

33
Q

which sensory nerve ending in tendon detects change in pressure and movement?

A

pacini and ruffini corpuscles

34
Q

which sensory nerve ending in tendon are slowly adapting stretch receptors?

A

ruffini corpuscles

35
Q

which sensory nerve ending in tendon are rapidly adapting pressure receptors?

A

lamellated corpuscles

36
Q

which sensory nerve ending in tendons function as thermoreceptors and polymodal nociceptors?

A

free nerve endings

37
Q

what are the components of virchow’s triad?

A

venous stasis, endothelial damage, hypercoagulability

38
Q

what activates protein C?

A

thrombin

39
Q

mechanism of heparin

A

activates antithrombin III

40
Q

mechanism of LDMWH

A

inhibition of factor Xa through antithrombin binding

41
Q

mechanism of warfarin

A

inhibition of vitamin K dependent carboxylation

42
Q

mechanism of argatraban

A

direct thrombin inhibitor

43
Q

mechanism of rivaroxaban

A

direct Xa inhibitor

44
Q

mechanism of aspirin

A

blocks thrombane 2

45
Q

mechanism of plavix

A

binds to platelets and blocks ADP mediated IIaIIIb receptor, platelet aggregation

46
Q

mechanism of TXA

A

competitively inhibits activation of plasminogen to plasmin (plasmin degrades fibrin)

47
Q

mechanism of nitrogen-containing bisphophonates

A

inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (mevalonate pathway)

48
Q

mechanism of raloxifene

A

selective estrogen receptor modulator, acts on bone estrogen receptors to reduce osteoclast resorption

49
Q

mechanism of teriparatide

A

PTH derivative, receptors on osteoblasts activate, daily builds bone, continuous causes resorption

50
Q

mechanism of romosozumab

A

monoclonal Ig2 that activates Wnt pathway by binding sclerostin (which normally inhibits Wnt)

51
Q

methotrexate mechanism

A

folate analogue

52
Q

leflunomide mechanism

A

inhibits pyrimidine synthesis

53
Q

hydroxychloroquine mechanism

A

blocks activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) which decreases activity of dendritic cells

54
Q

etanercept mechanism

A

binds to TNF-alpha

55
Q

infliximab mechanism

A

human mouse chimeric anti-TNF alpha monoclonal antibody

56
Q

anakinra mechanism

A

recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist

57
Q

rituximab mechanism

A

monoclonal antibody to CD 20 antigen

58
Q

abatacept mechanism

A

inhibits T cells by binding to CD 80 and CD 86

59
Q

tocilizumab mechanism

A

IL6 receptor inhibitor

60
Q

stress equation

A

force/area

61
Q

strain equation

A

change in length/original lengthwh

62
Q

what property is represented by the area under the stress/strain curve

A

toughness

63
Q

what is young’s modulus?

A

measure of stiffness (ability to resist deformation) of a material in the elastic zone. slope of stress/strain curve in elastic zone

64
Q

what is a brittle material

A

linear stress/strain relationship until point of failure, elastic deformation only, little to no plastic deformation

65
Q

what is a ductile material

A

large amount of plastic deformation before failure

66
Q

what is an isotropic material

A

same mechanical properties in all directions (like a golf ball)

67
Q

what is an anisotropic material?

A

different mechanical properties depending on the direction of the applied load (like bone)

68
Q

resorption rates of bone graft substitutes (fastest to slowest)

A

calcium sulfate -> tricalcium phosphate -> hydroxyapatite

69
Q

what bone graft has the highest compressive strength?

A

calcium phosphate

70
Q

what are the properties of DBM?

A

osteoinductive and osteoconductive

71
Q

what are the properties of allograft?

A

osteoconductive only

72
Q

what are the properties of BMPs?

A

osteoinductive only

73
Q

what cell type expresses RANKL?

A

osteoblasts

74
Q

what cell type has RANK receptors?

A

osteoclasts

75
Q

what cells secrete osteoprotegrin?

A

osteoblasts

76
Q

osteoblast origin

A

undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells

77
Q

osteoclast origin

A

monocyte/macrophage cell lineage

78
Q

do TGFb and IL10 stimulate or inhibit osteoclasts?

A

inhibit

basic science (1 decks)

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