Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Thoracic > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary Lobes

A 
Right Upper Lobe 
Right Middle Lobe 
Right Lower Lobe 
Left Upper Lobe 
Left Lower Lobe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Right upper lobe segments

A

(AAP) clockwise

- Apical
- Anterior 
- Posterior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Right middle lobe segment

A
  • (LM) clockwise
    • Lateral
      • Medial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Right Lower Lobe Segment

A

(SM-PAL) going clockwise

- Superior 
- Medial Basal
- Posterior Basal
- Anterior Basal
    - Lateral Basal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Left Upper Lobe Segment

A

(ISAA) going clockwise

- Apical Posterior 
- Apical Anterior 
- Superior Lingula 
    - Inferior Lingula
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Left Lower Lobe Segment

A

(SM-PAL) going clockwise

- Superior 
- Medial Basal
- Posterior Basal
- Anterior Basal
- Lateral Basal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Azygous Fissure

A

Accessory fissure present in less than 1% of patients, seen in the presence of an azygos lobe. An azygos lobe is an anatomic variant where the right upper lobe apical or posterior segments are encased in their own parietal and visceral pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atelectasis

A

Loss of lung volume due to decreased aeration

Synonymous with Collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Direct Signs of Atelectasis

A

Due to lobar volume loss and include:

- Displacement of the fissures 
    - Vascular crowding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Indirect Signs of Atelectasis

A

Due to the effect of volume loss on adjacent structures

    - Elevation of the diaphragm 
- Rib crowding on the side the volume loss 
- Mediastinal shift to the side with volume loss 
- Over-inflation of adjacent or contralateral lobes 
- Hilar displacement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Air bronchograms are not seen in atelectasis when

A

The cause of the atelectasis is central bronchial obstruction, but air bronchograms can be seen in subsegmental atelectasis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Subsegmental atelectasis

A

Is caused by obstruction of small peripheral bronchi, usually by secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four mechanisms of atelectasis

A

ORCA

- Obstructive 
- Relaxation 
    - Cicatricial
- Adhesive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When Does Obstructive Atelectasis Occur

A

Occurs when alveolar gas is absorbed by blood circulating through the alveolar capillaries but is not replaced by inspired air due to bronchial obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Obstructive atelectasis occurs more quickly when the patient is breathing supplemental oxygen why?

A

Oxygen is absorbed from the alveoli more rapidly than nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In children airway obstruction is often due to aspirated foreign objects. What do you see on xray

A

In contrast to adults, the affected side becomes hyper-expanded in children due to the ball-valve effect

17
Q

Subsegmental atelectasis is a subtype of obstructive atelectasis commonly seen after surgery or general illness
what is it due to?

A

Mucus obstruction of the small airways

18
Q

What is relaxation/compressive atelectasis

A

-Atelectasis is caused by relaxation of the lung adjacent to an intrathoracic lesion causing mass effect, such as pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or pulmonary mass

19
Q

What is adhesive atelectasis

A

-Due to surfactant deficiency. Most commonly seen in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome but can also be seen in ARDS

20
Q

What is Cicatricial atelectasis

A

-Volume loss from architectural distortion of the lung parenchyma by fibrosis

21
Q

Cause of Lobar Atelectasis

A

-Usually caused by central bronchial obstruction (obstructive atelectasis) which may be secondary to mucus plugging or an obstructing neoplasm

22
Q

Pathology of Lobar Atelectasis on the basis of whether it is acute versus chronic

A
  • If the lobar atelectasis occurs acutely, mucus plugging is the most likely cause
  • If the lobar atelectasis is seen in an outpatient setting an obstructing central tumor must be ruled out
23
Q

-Lobar atelectasis or collapse of an entire lobe has characteristic appearances depending on which of the five lobes is collapsed

A

Frontal Radiograph
The upper lobes go up
The right middle lobe compresses in
The lower lobe compresses medially

Lateral Radiograph
The upper and lower lobes form a superior and inferior sandwich and the right middle lobe forms a medial sandwich

24
Q

Left upper lobe collapse

A

-The luftsichel (air-sickle in german) sign of left upper lobe collapse is a crescent of air seen on frontal radiograph which represents the interface between the aorta and the hyper expanded superior segment of the left lower lobe

25
Q

Left lower lobe collapse:

A

In left lower lobe collapse, the heart slightly rotates and the left hilum is pulled down
The flat wrist sign describes the flattening of the left heart border as a result of downward shift of the hilar structures and resultant cardiac rotation

26
Q

Right upper lobe atelectasis

A

The reverse S sign of Golden is seen in right upper lobe collapse caused by an obstructing mass. The central convex margins of the mass form a reverse S. Although the sign describes a reverse S, it is commonly known as Golden’s S sign. Similar to left upper lobe collapse, a right upper lobe collapse should raise concern for an underlying malignancy, especially with a Golden’s S sign present. The juxtaphrenic peak sign is a peridiaphragmatic triangular opacity cased by diaphragmatic traction from an inferior accessory fissure or an inferior pulmonary ligament

27
Q

Right middle lobe atelectasis

A

The findings of right middle lobe atelectasis can be subtle on the frontal radiographs. Silhouetting of the right heart border by the collapsed medial segment of the middle lobe may be the only clue. The lateral radiograph shows a wedge shaped opacity anteriorly

28
Q

Right lower lobe atelectasis

A

Right lower lobe atelectasis is the mirror image of left lower atelectasis
The collapsed lower lobe appears as a wedge shaped retrocardiac opacity

29
Q

What is round atelectasis

A
  • Round atelectasis is focal atelectasis with a round morphology that is always associated with adjacent pleural abnormality such as (PPP)
    • pleural effusion
    • pleural thickening or plaque
    • pleural neoplasm
30
Q

Where is round atelectasis most common

A

Round atelectasis is most common in the posterior lower lobes

31
Q

What Are the five diagnoses that are required to diagnosis round atelectasis

A
  • Adjacent pleura must be abnormal
  • Opacity must be peripheral and in contact with the pleura
  • Opacity must be round or elliptical
  • Volume loss must be present in the affected lobe
  • Pulmonary vessels and bronchi leading into the opacity must be curved-this is the comet tail sign
32
Q

What is the elemental unit of lung function

A

The secondary pulmonary lobule (SPL) is the elemental unit of lung function

33
Q

What does each SPL contain

A

Each SPL contains a central artery (centrilobular artery) and a central bronchus, each branching many times to ultimately produce acinar arteries and respiratory bronchioles

34
Q

What is the acinus

A

Basic unit of gas exchange, containing several generations of branching respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

35
Q

How many acini for secondary lobule unit

A

There are generally 12 or fewer acini per secondary lobule

36
Q

Connective Tissue that encases each SPL is called

A

Interlobular Septa

37
Q

Thickening of the interlobular Septa can be from

A

Enlargement of either the venous or lymphatic spaces

Thoracic (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions