general

Question 1

patient with gout what is the medication can be used and why?

Answer 1

colchicine
because it is tubulin polarization inhibitor, means it inhibits movements and transport of cells and cellular organelles but this drug especially inhibit migration of neutrophils, decrease the inflammation

Question 2

give 2 examples can be used to treat from cancer that inhibits mitotic spindle formation?

Answer 2

vin-blastin

vin-cristine

Question 3

patient after analysis discovered a change in intermediate filaments so what’s the most common disease associated with this change as an evident?

Answer 3

1- Alzheimer

2- cirrhotic liver disease

Question 4

whats the main difference between cadheren/ selectin and integrins ?

Answer 4

cadheren/ selectin are ca ion-dependent unlike integrins which is independent

Question 5

main roles of integrins?

Answer 5

1- form portion of hemidesmosomes

2- imp in interaction btw leukocytes and endothelial cells

Question 6

origin of vertebra

Answer 6

somite => ventromedial part => sclerotome

each vertebrae consist of caudal ans cephalic part of sclerotome that migrate medially

Question 7

what is the most common rout of metasitasis of cancer cells to the vertebral column and cranial cavity ?

Answer 7

through internal vertebral venous plexus

Question 8

what are the main uses of lumbar puncture with the site of each?

Answer 8

1- for Anastasia in epidural space

2- CSF sample in subarachnoid space

Question 9

how can we perform lumbar puncture ?

Answer 9

1- at L4/L5
2- inserted horizontally at the top of iliac crest
3- through interlaminar space which is covered by lagamentum flava

Question 10

what is the name of the artery that courses with “long thoracic nerve”?

Answer 10

internal thoracic (internal mammary) artery which supplies medial aspect of mammary gland

Question 11

women 37 years old presented with orange peel appearnce chest, what your explaination?

Answer 11

tumor within the breast that distorted cooper’s ligament

Question 12

a women undergo mastectomy, a few weeks after surgery presented with
1- wedged scapula
2- weakness in abduction of the arm above 90 degree

Answer 12

during mastectomy, the ligation of long thoracic artery cause lesion to long thoracic nerve because it courses with internal thoracic nerve, and long thoracic nerve supply serratus anterior muscle that will be paralyzed

Question 13

a women undergo mastectomy, a few weeks after surgery presented with
1- weakness in extension and medial rotation of the arm

Answer 13

during mastectomy, the ligation of long thoracic artery cause lesion to thoracodorsal nerve that supply lattismus dorsi

Question 14

a patient had a cancer in the right breast but after a period the presented also with cancer in her left breast what is the most common rout this cancer had spread?

Answer 14

medial rout by parasternal lymph nodes with represent 25% of the L.N drainage of the breast.

Question 15

what is Pancoast tumor and may result of which if the following conditions?

Answer 15

tumer of the lung apex , and may result in thoracic outlet syndrome

Question 16

what si the most common site for forien body aspiration?

Answer 16

right lung => inferior lobe => posterior basal segment

Question 17

why the diabetic mother has a high incidence of having RDS to her fetus?

Answer 17

because we need the corticosteroids to form the surfactant but high insulin level will antagonize the action of corticosteroids

Question 18

what is cardinal vein contribute?

Answer 18

SVC, IVC, Azygus vein, renal vein, brachiocephalic

Question 19

what is vateline vein contribute?

Answer 19

sinusoids, hepatic vein, portal vein

Question 20

direction due to pressure gradiet in fetur and postnatal ?

Answer 20

fetus: R -> L
postnatal: L -> R

Question 21

what is eisenmenger complex ?

Answer 21

ccc

Question 22

patent ductus arteriosus related to which infection to mother?

Answer 22

maternal rubella infection

Question 23

what is the name of the vein that forms collateral between SVC and PVC?

Answer 23

Azygous vein

Question 24

patient 35 years old presented to the clinic with weak limbs and after diagnosis, we discovered notching in the lower ribs and the radial pulse is more that femoral pulse what is the most proper diagnosis?

Answer 24

Adult aortic coarctation

Question 25

whats id the function of gap junction and adherent junction in cardiac muscle?

Answer 25

gap => electrical

adherent => mechanical

Question 26

which of the following level are most likely to be low in pregnancy of down syndrome fetus?

Answer 26

AFP

Question 27

an infant presented to the clinic and his mother said that he cannot pass meconium, what is the most likely diagnosis ?

Answer 27

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR)

is a birth defect. This disorder is characterized by the absence of particular nerve cells (ganglions) in a segment of the bowel in an infant. The absence of ganglion cells causes the muscles in the bowels to lose their ability to move stool through the intestine (peristalsis).

Question 28

what is the name of the common test used to distinguish between lesions of dorsal column and vermal line of the cerebellum?

Answer 28

romberge test

Question 29

mutation in sonic hedgehog gene, SHH causes?

Answer 29

holoprosencephaly