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Agricultural Biotechnology > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

How long have cereals been in cultivation for?

A

10,000 years

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2
Q

How long has maize been in cultivation for?

A

Around 5,000 years

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3
Q

UK population in medieval times

A

5 million

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4
Q

UK population now

A

60-65 million

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5
Q

How many % people could there be by 2050?

A

25-30%

As much as 50%

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6
Q

How much more food output do we need by 2050

A

x2

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7
Q

When was the potato famine?

A

1845-1849

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8
Q

% increase from breeding and chemical inputs

A

Breeding - 40%

Chemical inputs - 60%

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9
Q

Who led the Green Revolution?

A

Norman Borlaug

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10
Q

Plant breeding yields in Japan and China vs India

A

Japan and China - 4 tons per Ha

India - 2 tons per Ha

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11
Q

Wheat yields in China and USA

A

China - 4 tons per Ha

USA - 3 tons per Ha

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12
Q

How many species in widespread cultivation?

A

300

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13
Q

% of food from 6-8 species

A

85%

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14
Q

% food from rice, wheat and maize

A

50%

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15
Q

Wheat consumption increase vs yield increase

A

5% p.a.

2% p.a.

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16
Q

How to increase food production

A

Chemical inputs
More land
More intensive
More plant breeding

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17
Q

Time take to selectively breed an annual plant

A

10-15 years

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18
Q

What does a grower want?

A 
High yield
Higher nutrient quality
Fertiliser efficient or nitrogen fixing
Drought resistance
Pest resistance

Photoperiod insensitivity
Modified architecture
Removal of unwanted compounds

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19
Q

% crops lost to pests

A

30%

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20
Q

When was Healthy Harvest published and who by?

A

2013/2014

National Farmer’s Union

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21
Q

Total area of biotech crops

A

189.8 million Ha

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22
Q

Arable area of UK

A

4.5-5 million Ha

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23
Q

Predicted global population in 2050 and how many more this is from now

A
  1. 6 billion

2. 4 billion more people

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24
Q

How much must global food production increase by?

A

60-110%

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25
Q

No overall increase in UK agricultural output since when?

A

1986

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26
Q

% UK food produced in UK

A

62%

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27
Q

£ of food imported

A

£37.6 billion

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28
Q

Size fragments can put into Agrobacterium T-DNA and how many genes per … kb

A

20 kb or more

1 gene in every 2 kb

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29
Q

When were the first commercial GM crops grown?

A

1996

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30
Q

% adoption of GM in USA for maize, soybean and cotton

A

Maize - 92%
Soybean - 94%
Cotton - 94%

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31
Q

How many million farmers in how many countries have planted how many Ha of GM crops?

A

16.7 million farmers
29 countries
160 million Ha

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32
Q

Increase in GM between 2010 and 2011

A

8%

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33
Q

% of GM in developing countries

A

90%

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34
Q

% of soybean, cotton and maize grown that’s GM

A

Soybean - 83%
Cotton - 75%
Maize - 29%

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35
Q

When was oligonucleotide mediated gene editing first approved?

A

2016

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36
Q

% yield loss possible due to weeds

A

10-15%

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37
Q

OSR weed contamination - clean vs 2% contamination money

A

Clean - $353 / t

2% contamination - $246 / t

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38
Q

When was stubble burning banned in the UK?

A

1993

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39
Q

How many $ per years worth of herbicides are used?

A

$22 billion

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40
Q

How many tonnes of herbicide active ingredient are produced per year?

A

1.3 million tonnes

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41
Q

What is glyphosate an inhibitor of?

A

EPSPS

42
Q

What does glyphosate compete with to block EPSPS?

A

PEP

43
Q

When was Roundup Ready soybean approved for release and used commercially in the UK?

A

Approval sought - 1994

First signs commercially - 1998

44
Q 
Roundup ready facts:
Herbicide usage reduction
Reduction in damage
Increased yield
Reduction in foreign matter
A

Herbicide usage - 10-40%
Damage reduction - 6-20%
Yield - 4.7%
Foreign matter - 0.57% from 0.85%

45
Q

Benefits of no till agriculture

A 
Reduces soil erosion
Improves soil structure and fauna
Reduces water loss by evaporation and run-off
Reduction in fuel use
Reduction in costs
Enables 2 harvests a year
46
Q 
Benefits of no till - stats
Soil erosion reduction
Water loss reduction
Fuel use reduction
Cost reduction
A

Soil erosion - 90%
Water loss - 30%
Fuel use - by 30 L per Ha
Costs - 10-20%

47
Q

Herbicide resistant plants - risk to the consumer

A

Being “transformed”
Toxins / allergies from unknown changes
Altered nutritional balance of product

48
Q

Herbicide resistant plants - risk to the environment

A 
Genetic pollution of other crops
Loss of biodiversity
Superbugs
Escape of genes into other plants
Superweeds
49
Q

How should herbicide resistant plants be managed?

A

Crop rotation
Alternating use of different resistances
Field margins / headlands to maintain species
Only in species with no close native relatives
Don’t stack resistance genes together
Legislation / code of conduct

50
Q

Knock-on effects of GM plants

A

Reduction in number of non-GM cultivars
New cultivars available only in GM form
If GM seed is more expensive, will non-GM rise to match?
Seed purchase tied in with pesticide / herbicide purchase

51
Q

% GM crops that express Bt

A

35%

52
Q

% losses European corn borer annually and in heavy infestations

A

Annually - 4-10%

Heavy - 20-30%

53
Q 
Bt 2014 facts:
% maize crop in US
% yield increase
% pesticide reduction
Profit increase
A

% maize - 80%
Yields - 7%
Pesticide - 11%
Profits - $5 billion

54
Q

Cotton % yield losses from pests

A

30-60%

55
Q

% non-GM as refuge for cotton and maize

A

Cotton - 20%

Maize - 5%

56
Q

Should we eat GM / problems?

A

BT not part of normal diet
Use food processing to stop effects of PIs normally, but what about GM?
Want to eat plant expressing toxins?
Risk of allergenic proteins?
Labelling of GM foods?
Altering metabolic profile could change food produced
Still don’t understand enough about DNA to know what all sequences do

57
Q

Considerations for use of RNAi

A 
How stable is VIGS / HIGS?
How specific is the control?
Durability in the field?
Can targets evolve resistance?
Who decides how this might be used in the future?
58
Q

When is GM not GM?

A 
Grafting
Viruses as vectors
VIGS
HIGS
RNA pesticides
Marker-free transformation
Host-derived modifications
59
Q 
% potato losses due to:
Fungal and bacterial pathogens
Viruses
Insect pests
Weeds
A

FB - 22%
V - 8%
I - 18%
W - 23%

60
Q

Global % of potatoes lost that are grown

A

70%

61
Q

When were INNATE potatoes approved for commercialisation in the US?

A

November 2014

62
Q

How many ha of INNATE potatoes grown in 2015?

A

160 ha

63
Q

INNATE potatoes genes involved

A

Asn1
PhL
R1
Ppo5

64
Q

INNATE potato late blight resistance year

A

2015

65
Q

GM potato resistant to Potato virus Y where and when?

A

Argentina

2015

66
Q

Who did maris piper potato breeding?

A

Plant Breeding Institute

67
Q

When was maris piper potato developed and released?

A

D - 1964

R - 1966

68
Q

Steps to breed a nematode resistant plant - maris piper

A 
Survey Andean markets for potato relatives within breeding range
Cross resistant with elite variety
Backcross hybrid to elite
Second backcross
More backcrosses
69
Q

When was GM tomato puree sold in the UK?

A

1996

70
Q

GM tomato genes / methods

A

TOM13
Anti-sense ACCase
Antisense polygalacturonase

71
Q

How many iron atoms does ferritin bind?

A

4,500

72
Q

Rice with iron in promoter

A

GluB-1

73
Q

When was the prototype of golden rice developed and how many mg/g of carotenoid?

A

2000

1.6 mg/g

74
Q

When was the new golden rice developed that increased the amount of carotenoid and how much?

A

2005

37 mg/g

75
Q

Vistive gold genes silenced and enzyme

A

Fad2
FatB
E - delta15 desaturase

76
Q

Getting approval before starting - steps

A

Local committee permission and registration of workers
Health and safety executive permission for GM
DEFRA permission for modified crops

77
Q

Getting approval before planting - steps

A

DEFRA for permission to release

Considered by ACRE

78
Q

ACRE opinion on carnations year

A

2014

79
Q

ACRE advice on GM cotton and rice year

A

2014

80
Q

What are TMV particles made up of?

A

18 rigid rods 300 nm long

81
Q

How many nucleotides in the TMV genome

A

6,394

82
Q

TMV replicase proteins, movement protein and coat protein names

A

R - 126K, 183K
MP - 30K
CP - 17.5K

83
Q 
Systemic spread stats
% crop lost by TMV
How many days for cell-to-cell movement
When reach connective tissue?
When reaches top of plant?
When completely infected?
A 
Up to 80-90%
3-4 days
Day 4
Day 5
Day 21
84
Q

How to prevent virus infections (traditional)

A

Plant virus free
Keep vector away
Use virus resistant plants

85
Q

% insecticides used in UK to control plant virus vectors

A

67%

86
Q

Who first demonstrated cross-protection, when and in what?

A

McKinney (1929)

TMV

87
Q

First field trials of transgenic tomato plants to TMV year

A

1987

88
Q

CP-MR year decided no restrictions in some species in US

A

2001

89
Q

How does 54K protein mediated resistance differ from CP-MR?

A

Resistance against virus and RNA
Not overcome by high levels of inoculum
Resistance is specific

90
Q

General risks of GM

A

Risks to humans
Risks to the environment
Commercial risks

91
Q

Safety concerns related to transformation event

A

Insertion site, integration of T-DNA or plasmid DNA
Selection
Other components in transformation constructs other than viral sequence

92
Q

Risks of using CaMV 35S promoter

A

CaMV is a plant pararetrovirus
Suggested it has recombination hotspots
Has enhancer elements that enhance expression
Promoter is from a pararetrovirus

93
Q

Potential risks of CP-MR

A

Transgenic synergism
Transencapsidation
Recombination

94
Q

Surfinia synergism viruses

A

TMV and Potato virus Y

95
Q

3 main types of recombination

A

Homologous
Aberrant homologous
Nonhomologous

96
Q

Potyvirus RNA size

A

10kb

97
Q

Who was the first to report PTGS?

A

Prof David Balucombe

98
Q

In which countries and what year did groups work on 2-5A?

A

Japan and USA

1996

99
Q

Who developed phage display?

A

Greg Winter

100
Q

Viral elements used in plant biotechnology

A 
Promoters and terminators
Translational enhancers
Origins of assembly
Ribozymes
Nuclear targeting signals
Viral vectors
Suppressors of PTGS
101
Q

Who discovered the omega translational enhancer?

A

Mike Wilson

102
Q

Who set up plantibody company?

A

Prof George Lomonossoff

Agricultural Biotechnology (4 decks)

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