General

Question 1

What is the convention in orienting the echo image on the screen?

Answer 1

Base of the heart to the right

Apex of the heart to the left

Question 2

M mode is ___ dimension of the structures displayed with ___ along the y-axis and ___ along the x axis.

Answer 2

I-dimension
Depth
Time

Question 3

What 2 views are used for M-Mode?

Answer 3

Long and short axis of the LVOF and AO

Question 4

On the short axis of M-Mode of the LV just below the mitral valve, list structures as they are seen from the near field:

Answer 4

RVFW, RV, IVS, LV, LVFW

Question 5

When M-mode is taken in short axis at the level of the mitral valves, what are the major events of the mitral valve in order of occurrence?

Answer 5

Rapid diastolic filing, atrial contraction, closure of MV

Question 6

When M-mode is taken in short axis at the level of the aortic valve, list structures as there are seen from the near field:

Answer 6

RAW, RA, ??, Ao, AOV, ??, LA

Question 7

When performing doppler exam what should your angle be and why?

Answer 7

If making quantitative measurements your angle should be zero, parallel to the flow. Otherwise the angle does not have to be exactly zero.

Question 8

Define persistence

Answer 8

Frame averaging

Question 9

Do you want persistence?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

How can you tell aortic from pulmonary flow?

Answer 10

Both are increased velocities but aorta should be higher and asymmetric to pulmonary (lower and asymmetric).

Question 11

What is the effect of heart rate on E and A waves?

Answer 11

Increase HR results in loss of separation of the E and A waves