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General Flashcards

1
Q

Hearing organs are specialised structures that serve the following primary physical functions:

A

The coupling of sound to the organism
The conversion of sound into mechanical energy
The conversion into useful nerve signals

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2
Q

Physical dimensions of sound

A 
Frequency range
Frequency resolution
Temporal resolution
Amplitude range
Amplitude resolution
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3
Q

Human amplitude threshold

A

1000 Hz (1dB)

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4
Q

Minimal energy detectable for a human at threshold

A

4zJ

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5
Q

Tool to estimate the frequency composition of a waveform

A

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

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6
Q

Sound graphs:
Amplitude over time
Frequency over time
Frequency and relative amplitude / overall frequency composition

A

Amp - oscillogram
Freq - sonogram
Freq and amp - power spectrum

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7
Q

Proximal adaptations for hearing

How

A

Directionality
High sensitivity
Frequency selectivity

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8
Q

Ultimate adaptations for hearing

Why

A

Mate detection
Predator detection
Prey detection

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9
Q

Transmission - object size to wavelength ratio

A

1:10

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10
Q

Diffraction - object larger than …… of the wavelength

A

1/10

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11
Q

Water depth where sound transmits well

A

600 - 800 m

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12
Q 
Resolutions and ranges humans can detect:
Frequency range
Dynamic range
Frequency resolution
Temporal resolution
Amplitude resolution
Angular resolution
A 
Frequency range = 20 Hz - 20 kHz
Dynamic range = 0 dB - 140 dB
Frequency resolution = 1%
Temporal resolution = 1 us
Amplitude resolution = 1 dB
Angular resolution = 1 degree
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13
Q

Two types of hearing organs and what they respond to

A

Pressure receivers - pressure

Particle velocity receivers - particle velocity

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14
Q

Number of mechanosensory cells at pedicel of chironomid fly antennae

A

16,000

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15
Q

Directional hearing acoustic cues

A

Interaural time difference
Interaural amplitude difference
Spectral information (frequency content)

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16
Q

Types of systems for hearing directional information

A

Independent pressure receivers
Pressure difference receivers
Mechanically coupled pressure receptors

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17
Q

Ormia ochracea mechanical ITD

Delay measured by microphone

A

50 us

1.4 us

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18
Q

Frequencies associated with coupled tympanal membrane modes

A

Mode 1 - low frequency (4 kHz)
Mode 2 - intermediate
Mode 3 - high

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19
Q

Arachnoscelis / Ultrasonus frequency of communication

A

153 kHz

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20
Q

Who discovered Ampullae of Lorenzini and when?

A

Stefano Lorenzini (1678)

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21
Q

% overall energy some flowers invest into nectar production

A

37%

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22
Q

Charge density unit

A

Volts per meter

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23
Q

What do we need to ask when looking at a sense?

A 
Cues, physical quantities
Behavioural evidence
Detection, perception
Thresholds
Sensory substrate
Adequate stimulus, information
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24
Q

Chemical formula of magnetite

A

Fe3O4

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25
Q

What is the significance of H vector?

A

Points to magnetic N

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26
Q

What is angle D?

A

Declination angle

Between geographic and magnetic north

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27
Q

What is angle I?

A

Inclination angle

Angle of the horizontal plane

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28
Q

Field intensities information
Ambient field
Local variations
Behavioural thresholds

A

Ambient field = 30,000 - 60,000 nT
Local variations = 1,000 nT
Behavioural thresholds = 25-50 nT

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29
Q

The successive phases of long-distance navigation

A

Long-distance phase - celestial, magnetic, landmarks
Homing phase - compasses, landmarks, olfaction, soundscapes
Pinpointing the goal phase - cues

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30
Q

Speed of light

A

300 x 10^6 ms^-1

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31
Q 
Irradiance levels in different light levels and types
Photopic
     Sunlight
     Sunrise / set
Mesopic
     Twilight
     Full moon
Scotopic
     Starlight
A 
Sunlight = 10^20
Sunrise / set = 10^18
Twilight = 10^16
Full moon = 10^14
Starlight = 10^12
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32
Q

Threshold irradiance for human vision

A

10^10 Ph m^-2 s ^-1

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33
Q

What can happen when a molecule absorbs a photon?

A

Vibrate
Electrons excited and jump to higher energy state
Ionized

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34
Q

What can excited molecules do?

A

Fluoresce / phosphoresce
Change shape
React with another molecule
Break apart

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35
Q

Spectroscopy measurements

A

Transmission
Absorptance (P)
Absorbance (A)

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36
Q

% space in rod outer segment occupied by rhodopsin

A

50%

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37
Q

Chromophore molecule name
Rhodopsins
Porphyropsins

A

Retina

3,4-dehydroretinal

38
Q

How long does the cis trans isomerisation of retinal take

A

500 femtoseconds

39
Q

Rod maximum absorbance and absorption range

A

498 nm

350 - 580 nm

40
Q

Blue pigment maximum absorbance

41
Q

Green pigment maximum absorbance

42
Q

Red pigment maximum absorbance

43
Q

Visible light wavelength

A

400 - 700 nm

44
Q

Types of heat sensor

A

Convective

Radiant

45
Q

Forest fire temperature and wavelength

A

425 - 1,000 degreesC

2 - 3 um

46
Q

How many mya was the Cambrian explosion?

47
Q

Duration of the Cambrian explosion

48
Q

Number of facets in anomalocaris

49
Q

When was Haikouichthys around?

A

500 - 550 mya

50
Q

Stages of the evolution of the eye

A

Detect light
Screening pigment
Membrane stacking
Lens system / focusing optics

51
Q

What is non-directional photoreception used for?

A

Monitoring light intensity
Depth control
Entrainment for a circadian clock
Shadow response

52
Q

Characteristics of non-directional photoreception

A

Typically slow response
Large dynamic change
No adaptation

53
Q

How many degrees does each photoreceptor in the eye of a nautilus sample?

A

25 degrees

54
Q

Where colour vision has evolved and how many times

A

Twice
Vertebrates
Ecdysozoa

55
Q

Who won Nobel prize in 1920s about how animals see colour?

A

Karl von Frisch

56
Q

Why is colour vision important to the ecology of animals?

A

Signals
Camouflage
Communication

57
Q

3 mechanisms of colour vision

A

Changes to the opsin
Using a different chromophore
Filters

58
Q

Vertebrate and invertebrate rhodopsin types

A

V - C-type (ciliary)

I - R-type (rhabdomeric)

59
Q

Position chromophore attached to

60
Q

Bond of chromophore to opsin

A

Covalently

61
Q

Residue chromophore bonded to

62
Q

Order of signal transduction cascade - vertebrates

A 
Chromophore
Rhodopsin
Transducin
PDE
cGMP
cGMP gated channels closed
Hyperpolarisation
63
Q

Order of signal transduction cascade - invertebrates

A 
Chromophore
Opsin
Gq
trp channels opened
Depolarisation
64
Q

Full name for A2

A

3,4-dihydroretinal

65
Q

Chromophores invertebrates use

66
Q

A1 sensitivity

A

630-640 nm

67
Q

A2 sensitivity

A

Up to almost 770 nm

68
Q

When did stomatopods split from other crustaceans?

A

280 - 300 mya

69
Q

How many stomatopod species and superfamilies?

A

Over 500 species

9 superfamilies

70
Q

3 parts of the stomatopod eye

A

Dorsal hemisphere
Ventral hemisphere
Mid band

71
Q

Number of stomaptopod UV visual pigments

72
Q

What is polarisation created by?

A

Scattering
Reflection
Polarisers

73
Q

Stages in polarisation sensitivity

A

Molecular
Cellular
Neural / behaviour

74
Q

Who studying Saharan ants and polarisation?

A

Rudiger Wehner

75
Q

Degree of polarisation in light polluted vs rural

A

16% vs almost 50%

76
Q

Crustacean angle of polarisation resolution

A

10-15 degrees

77
Q

Stomatopod group that uses polarisation and structural colour

A

Haptosquillids

78
Q

SWS bird cone sensitivity

A

Ultraviolet or violet

When maximally sensitive to UV = 360 nm

79
Q

Who studied sexual dimorphism in bird UV reflectance?

A

Ben Sheldon

80
Q

Why high contrast patterns as aposematism / what do they increase?

A

Saliency, memorability, consistency

81
Q

Irradiance spectrum at 1500 m compared to surface

A

12 orders of magnitude less

82
Q

Maximum transmission at 1500 m

83
Q

Maximum transmission for water vs fish (marine)

A

Water - 460 nm

Fish - 480 nm

84
Q

Deep sea red sensitive visual pigment species

Changing chromophore from A1 to A2 can give opsin maximally sensitive to:

A

520 and 551 nm

588 and 669 nm

85
Q

Methods of fiddler crab communication

A

Vibrations
Colour
Movement

86
Q

Action-perception cycle

A 
Sensory transduction
Sensory processing
Multi-sensory integration
Sensorimotor tranformation
Motor activity
87
Q

Who asked how insects detect directional motion and when?

A

Hassenstein and Reichardt (1953, 1956)

88
Q

Layers in insect brain that visual inputs pass through (in order)

A

Lamina
Medulla
Lobula

89
Q

Which photoreceptive cells are an exception to the order visual inputs pass through in the insect brain? Why?

A

R7 and R8

Skip lamina

90
Q

Where is optic flow processed and used in the insect brain?

A

Lobula plate

Sensory Ecology (5 decks)

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