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Radiology > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

Ionising radiations

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X rays

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2
Q

Bragg peak is exhibited by

A

Proton

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3
Q

Ioninsing radiation

A

Gamma rays - produced intranuclearly

X rays produced extranuclearly

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4
Q

Particle radiation

A

Electron
Proton
Neutron
Alpha particles (helium nucleus)

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5
Q

Gamma rays

A

Highest penetration

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6
Q

Alpha rays

A

Highest everything else
Highest damaging power
Highest ionisation power
Highest biological effect

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7
Q

Non ionising radiation investigations

A

Usg
Mri
Thermography

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8
Q

Best noninvasive test for myocardial viability

A

FDG -PET

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9
Q

X rays used in

A

Flouroscopy
DEXA
CAT scan

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10
Q

Bone scan uses

A

Gamma rays

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11
Q

Dye in ERCP

A

Iodine after which X-ray is done

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12
Q

In RCA block it’s location by

A

Flouroscopy

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13
Q

Flouroscopy uses

A
  • Hilar dance sign seen in ASD

- for diaphragmatic movements

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14
Q

DEXA

A

For measurement of bone mineral density in osteoporosis

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15
Q

Bone scan

A

For osteoblastic activity where methylene diphosphonate alongwith technicium is used and emits gamma rays so picked up by gamma camera

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16
Q

Bone scan shows inc activity in

A

Where osteoblasts activity inc

  • skeletal mets
  • fracture
  • stress fracture
  • osteomyelitis
  • pagets dis
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17
Q

Mets show activity on bone scan

A

Brest CA As bony mets are very common

Renal cell CA has no bony mets so no activity

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18
Q

Investigation which involve gamma rays

A 
They are cld nuclear scan 
Bone scan 
PET
SPECT
Thallium scan 
Technicium based scan cld scintigraphy
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19
Q

X-ray tube

A

Has target window which is a filter of X-ray tube and it allows xrays to come out

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20
Q

Parts of X-ray tube

A

Glass envelope made of pyrex
Cathode -ve charged and filament is made of tungsten and it generates e not xrays by thermionic emission
Tungsten is mixed with thorium to inc melting pt
Anode +ve charged made of copper and has target made of tungsten, rhenium is added to it to increase its tensile strength
X rays generated by target

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21
Q

Target

A

Purpose is to receive e and generate X-rays

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22
Q

E movement in X-ray

A

Cathode to anode

Filament to target

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23
Q

Reactions of X-ray production

A
  • bremstrahlong reaction most imp in all X-ray tubes except for MMG where ch radiation is imp
  • characteristic radiation
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24
Q

Filter

A
  • blocks low energy radiation which don’t form image
  • made of aluminium
  • lead blocks all radiations
  • target window is inherent filter of X-ray tube
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25
Q

Collimator

A

Beam restricting device which restricts path of X-rays and dec scattered radiation. It makes X-rays to go in one direction

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26
Q

Cassette

A

On which image is formed

Made of AgBr

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27
Q

Grid

A

Made of lead
Dose of radiations inc with this but image quality is better
Present between pt and cassette

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28
Q

Ffd

A

As it inc magnificication dec

It is 100 cm for all X-rays except CXR which req 180cm

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29
Q

Ofd

A

It inc magnification inc

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30
Q

CXR

A

Normally in inspiration phase
For pneumothorax suspected do in expiration phase

Pa view done
But for spinal trauma and rib fracture - AP view

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31
Q

For min pleural Effusion

A

Lateral decubitus position

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32
Q

Kvp kilovolt peak

A

Directly related to:

  • penetration
  • Energy of beam

And inversely proportional to contrast

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33
Q

Mas milliampere second

A

Current x exposure time

Directly proportional to no of photons per unit area and background blackening
And to contrast

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34
Q

Contrast predominantly depend on

A

Kvp as it changes contrast by changing image and mas changes contrast by changing background

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35
Q

Molybdenum

A

Used in MMG

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36
Q

Age for screening test for MMG Cancers

A

After 40>35 yrs

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37
Q

Clinical Brest examination picks up lesion if size

A

> 1cm

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38
Q

If strong family or risk factor for breast ca do

A

MRI

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39
Q

Brest abscess or lactation abscess

A

USG

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40
Q

Brest implant

A

MRI

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41
Q

MMG tube

A

DOne with dec kvp and inc mas
Target of molybdenum
Target window of beryllium
Filter of molybdenum

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42
Q

Location of lesion seen in MLO view and not in CC view in MMG

A

Axilla
Axillary tail
Upper outer quadrant
And so we do exaggerated CC view for it

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43
Q

PIRADS and LIRADS is on

A

MRI

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44
Q

CIRADS on

A

Colonoscopy virtual

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45
Q

TIRADS on

A

USG

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46
Q

Most sensitive test for Dcis

A

MRI

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47
Q

Popcorn calcification

A

On cxr - pulmonary hamartoma
On MMG - fibroadenoma
On MRI brain- cavernous angioma
On radiograph hand - enchondroma

48
Q

If young female with lump do

A

USG

49
Q

Young female no lump but with risk factor

A

MRI

50
Q

Photosensitive film used in conventional radio or analog radio

A

Of silver bromide

Single screen used in MMG casettee

Double screen used in rest

51
Q

Screen in MMG/X-RAY made of

A

Calcium tungstate or rare earth metal

52
Q

Double coated in

A

Conventional radio
Dental
But here resolution dec because of double coating

53
Q

Digital radio

A

Computed radio - screen film system replaced by photostimulator phosphor plate

Direct radio - flat panel detector made of selenium or C3 infront of which pt stands

54
Q

Radiographs are stored and communicated by transport

A

PACS (picture archiving and communication system)

55
Q

International day of radio

A

November 8

56
Q

Velocity of X-rays

A

3x10(8) m/sec as it is an em wave

57
Q

Mechanism of heat loss

A

In conventional X-ray tube - by conduction

In modern X-ray tube by - radiation

58
Q

Linguine sign in

A

Ruptured breast implant

59
Q

Principle of usg

A

Piezoelectric effect

60
Q

Crystals in usg made of

A

Plumbum
Zirconium
Titanium

61
Q

Tvs done at

A

4 1/2 weeks high freq probe

62
Q

Tas

A

At 5 1/2 weeks

63
Q

Eus

A

Most sensitive for local staging of oesophageal CA

Most sensitive imaging inv to localise nodule in pancreas, CA

Eus guided FNAC confirmatory for CA pancreas

64
Q

Ideal inv for staging oesophageal CA

A

CECT

65
Q

Left atrium

A

Transoesophageal echo Better than transthoracic echo

66
Q

Freq of routine obstetric procedure probe

A

2-7hz thick and low freq probe

67
Q

Hyperechoic (white on usg)

A

Air
Fat
Bone
Calculus calicification

68
Q

Modes in usg

A

B mode - for 2d str
A mode - for depth of organs
M mode - for motion of organs

69
Q

Doppler

A

If towards the probe - red

Away from probe - blue

70
Q

Optimum velocity calculation in usg

A

Angle is 60 degree

71
Q

Phases of blood flow

A

Normal is triphasic in peripheral veins
In visceral artery it is Monophasic pattern with pulsation

In visceral v it is monophasic pattern without pulsation

72
Q

Uteroplacental insufficiency

A

Normal systole / diastole is <2.6

But in UPI S/d ratio is >3

Absent D flow so tt with corticosteroids and deliver in 34 weeks

Reversal of D flow - sign of impending fetal death or termination

73
Q

ADR of usg

A

Acoustic cavitation

74
Q

Therapeutic use of usg

A

ESWL (High freq usg used)
HIFU (high intensity focused usg) where MRI guided HIFU used in fibroid

In hydrocephalus in infant USG Is the most practical technique to evaluate it (upto 18m)

75
Q

Fibroscan or elastograpghy where usg done and it sees elasticity of a tissue

A

Dec
In cirrhosis
Malignant lesion hard so dec

76
Q

For eyes

A

Usg a and b modes

77
Q

Thyroid

A

Hypoechoic lesion is malignant

78
Q

Carotid vs

A

Usg is scr test for CAD

IOC - MR ANGIO

79
Q

Usg uses

A

Lymph nodes localisation
Thorax ECHO done where usg is most sensitive inv for min pleural effusion as little as 5 ml fluid seen

IOC for all gallstones
Preferred for obs and for scrotal pathologies

80
Q

Thorax

A

Pneumothorax b mode usg seen where normal is sliding pleura sign which is absent in PT

M Mode usg normally sea shore sign seen absent in PT

in PT- stratosphere sign seen

81
Q

MRCP

A

IOC for CBD stones

82
Q

CT

A

Most preferred inv for retroperitoneal organs

Hydatid cyst of lung

83
Q

IOC for ureteric stone

A

NCCT

84
Q

MRI

A

IOC for localisation of intraabdominal testis

Min ascites
Min pleural effusion
Hydatid cyst of liver

85
Q

Lower limbs

A 
DVT
varicose v
Pvd 
Intramuscular abscess
Hematoma 
By usg
86
Q

Jts

A

IOC is mri for jt dis
Gold standard- arthroscopy

Ddh- mri is ioc

87
Q

Housefield units hu

A

Depends on linear attenuation coefficient > mass density

Cortical bone - 1000
Fat - -100
Air - -1000
Water - 0
Acute heamtoma- 100
Isodense strc- 40
88
Q

Hrct

A

1mm cuts taken so thin slice thickness cld beam collimation

Uses
ILD
bronchiectasis
Military tb 
Temporal bone dis
89
Q

Conventional CT

A

1cm cuts are taken

90
Q

Spiral CT or helical CT

A
  • Development of slip ring technology led to spiral CT

- Multiplanar construction

91
Q

Triphasic CT in mdct

A

Shows arterial enhancement and portal venous washout in HCC

92
Q

Renal stone s

A

Hardest stone is cystine stone > bruchite stone > calcium mono hydrate stone

Dual source CT characterise stone

IOC for renal stone detection - NCCT
IOC for characterisation of renal stone- dual source CT

93
Q

NCCT

A 
Acute hematoma 
Calculus calcification 
Cortical bone
Air
Head trauma
94
Q

CECT

A 
Staging of tumor 
To see LN
TO see infections, inflammation and abscess 
Trauma 
CT angio is type of CECT
95
Q

Unstable pt

A

USG (FAST)

96
Q

CT walls

A

By lead

97
Q

Mri principle

A

Gyromagnetism
Invented by Lauterbert and Mansfield
Claustrophobia is problem
Faradays cage in mri made of copper

98
Q

C/I of mri

A
  • free lying foreign body ferromagnetic inside body
  • bullet in body
  • Orthopedics implants if of metals
  • cardiac pacemaker
  • metallic heart valves
  • hemostatic aneurysmal clips
  • cochlear implants
  • claustrophobia
  • 1st trimester of pregnancy
99
Q

Mri rt (relaxation time)

A

Proton recoils in horizontal direction cld transverse rt cld T2 RT

if it recoils in vertical direction cld longitudinal relaxation cld T1RT

100
Q

T1mri

A

More black
To study anatomy
Water black grey matter grey white matter white
White is
Fat, blood products hematoma, proteinsceous substances, melanin, paramagnetic substance gadolinium

101
Q

T2 mri

A 
More white 
To study pathology of tissue 
Water is white 
Grey matter is white white mater is grey 
Black is:
Cortical bone
Air
Flowing blood where thrombus is white
Calcification 
Ligaments, tendons, dense fibrous tissue 
Chronic hematoma, hemosiderin
102
Q

CT and mri

A

Cortical Bone is black in mri always and white in CT

103
Q

Mri uses

A 
Neural tissue 
Bone marrow 
Stress fracture 
Osteomyelitis localised 
Avasular necrosis 
Infl dis of bone 
Intraosseus extent of skeletal tumor 
Cartilage fracture 
Ligament and tendons tear
104
Q

Mri findings

A

Huntington chorea- caudate nucleus atrophy seen as box car ventricle

Thalamus inv in Japanese encephalitis

B/l globus pallidus inv in haller vorden spatz dis cld eye of tiger appearance

Putamen is mc site if htn bleed

105
Q

Flair (fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequence)

A

T2 mri where water is not white but black

Used for brain

106
Q

Stir

A

T2 mri where fat is seen as black
Where both t1 and T2 normally shows fat as white

Done for BM

107
Q

Diffusion weighted mri

A

Assess brownisn motion of molecules where if restricted cld restricted diffusion where mcc is:
acute ischemic infarct

High cellular Tumors
Abscess
Epidermal Cyst
Encephalitis

108
Q

Cardiac ct

A

Done in mid diastole as it is MDCT where multiple sections in 1 rotation

Cardiac CT done in CAD for coronary calcium scoring which denotes degree of atherosclerosis by Agatson method

109
Q

Pulmonary CT angio

A

Mdct
Best for pulmonary embolism
IOC for aortic aneurysm

V/q scan in preg if Pulmonary embolism is suspected

110
Q

CT

A

Initial inv for aortic dissection

MRI for severe renal insufficiency or when iodinated contrast is c/I

111
Q

Time of flight techinque

A

MR ANGIO

112
Q

Racing car sign

A

Corpus callosal agenesis

113
Q

Marchiava bignami dis

A

Demyelination of corpus callosum in chronic alcoholics

114
Q

Lipoma

A

Mc site of lipoma in brain is pericallosal area where in X-ray bracket calcification of lipoma seen as bracket sign

115
Q

Hippocampus volume

A

Best plane to measure it is coronal plane

Coronal images perpendicular to temporal horn is used to measure amount of hippocampal and median temporal lobe atrophy

It is measured in Alzheimer’s and medial temporal seizures

Radiology (3 decks)

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