General Flashcards
1
Q
Ionising radiations
A
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X rays
2
Q
Bragg peak is exhibited by
A
Proton
3
Q
Ioninsing radiation
A
Gamma rays - produced intranuclearly
X rays produced extranuclearly
4
Q
Particle radiation
A
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Alpha particles (helium nucleus)
5
Q
Gamma rays
A
Highest penetration
6
Q
Alpha rays
A
Highest everything else
Highest damaging power
Highest ionisation power
Highest biological effect
7
Q
Non ionising radiation investigations
A
Usg
Mri
Thermography
8
Q
Best noninvasive test for myocardial viability
A
FDG -PET
9
Q
X rays used in
A
Flouroscopy
DEXA
CAT scan
10
Q
Bone scan uses
A
Gamma rays
11
Q
Dye in ERCP
A
Iodine after which X-ray is done
12
Q
In RCA block it’s location by
A
Flouroscopy
13
Q
Flouroscopy uses
A
- Hilar dance sign seen in ASD
- for diaphragmatic movements
14
Q
DEXA
A
For measurement of bone mineral density in osteoporosis
15
Q
Bone scan
A
For osteoblastic activity where methylene diphosphonate alongwith technicium is used and emits gamma rays so picked up by gamma camera
16
Q
Bone scan shows inc activity in
A
Where osteoblasts activity inc
- skeletal mets
- fracture
- stress fracture
- osteomyelitis
- pagets dis
17
Q
Mets show activity on bone scan
A
Brest CA As bony mets are very common
Renal cell CA has no bony mets so no activity
18
Q
Investigation which involve gamma rays
A
They are cld nuclear scan Bone scan PET SPECT Thallium scan Technicium based scan cld scintigraphy
19
Q
X-ray tube
A
Has target window which is a filter of X-ray tube and it allows xrays to come out
20
Q
Parts of X-ray tube
A
Glass envelope made of pyrex
Cathode -ve charged and filament is made of tungsten and it generates e not xrays by thermionic emission
Tungsten is mixed with thorium to inc melting pt
Anode +ve charged made of copper and has target made of tungsten, rhenium is added to it to increase its tensile strength
X rays generated by target
21
Q
Target
A
Purpose is to receive e and generate X-rays
22
Q
E movement in X-ray
A
Cathode to anode
Filament to target
23
Q
Reactions of X-ray production
A
- bremstrahlong reaction most imp in all X-ray tubes except for MMG where ch radiation is imp
- characteristic radiation
24
Q
Filter
A
- blocks low energy radiation which don’t form image
- made of aluminium
- lead blocks all radiations
- target window is inherent filter of X-ray tube
25
Collimator
Beam restricting device which restricts path of X-rays and dec scattered radiation. It makes X-rays to go in one direction
26
Cassette
On which image is formed
| Made of AgBr
27
Grid
Made of lead
Dose of radiations inc with this but image quality is better
Present between pt and cassette
28
Ffd
As it inc magnificication dec
| It is 100 cm for all X-rays except CXR which req 180cm
29
Ofd
It inc magnification inc
30
CXR
Normally in inspiration phase
For pneumothorax suspected do in expiration phase
Pa view done
But for spinal trauma and rib fracture - AP view
31
For min pleural Effusion
Lateral decubitus position
32
Kvp kilovolt peak
Directly related to:
- penetration
- Energy of beam
And inversely proportional to contrast
33
Mas milliampere second
Current x exposure time
Directly proportional to no of photons per unit area and background blackening
And to contrast
34
Contrast predominantly depend on
Kvp as it changes contrast by changing image and mas changes contrast by changing background
35
Molybdenum
Used in MMG
36
Age for screening test for MMG Cancers
After 40>35 yrs
37
Clinical Brest examination picks up lesion if size
>1cm
38
If strong family or risk factor for breast ca do
MRI
39
Brest abscess or lactation abscess
USG
40
Brest implant
MRI
41
MMG tube
DOne with dec kvp and inc mas
Target of molybdenum
Target window of beryllium
Filter of molybdenum
42
Location of lesion seen in MLO view and not in CC view in MMG
Axilla
Axillary tail
Upper outer quadrant
And so we do exaggerated CC view for it
43
PIRADS and LIRADS is on
MRI
44
CIRADS on
Colonoscopy virtual
45
TIRADS on
USG
46
Most sensitive test for Dcis
MRI
47
Popcorn calcification
On cxr - pulmonary hamartoma
On MMG - fibroadenoma
On MRI brain- cavernous angioma
On radiograph hand - enchondroma
48
If young female with lump do
USG
49
Young female no lump but with risk factor
MRI
50
Photosensitive film used in conventional radio or analog radio
Of silver bromide
Single screen used in MMG casettee
Double screen used in rest
51
Screen in MMG/X-RAY made of
Calcium tungstate or rare earth metal
52
Double coated in
Conventional radio
Dental
But here resolution dec because of double coating
53
Digital radio
Computed radio - screen film system replaced by photostimulator phosphor plate
Direct radio - flat panel detector made of selenium or C3 infront of which pt stands
54
Radiographs are stored and communicated by transport
PACS (picture archiving and communication system)
55
International day of radio
November 8
56
Velocity of X-rays
3x10(8) m/sec as it is an em wave
57
Mechanism of heat loss
In conventional X-ray tube - by conduction
In modern X-ray tube by - radiation
58
Linguine sign in
Ruptured breast implant
59
Principle of usg
Piezoelectric effect
60
Crystals in usg made of
Plumbum
Zirconium
Titanium
61
Tvs done at
4 1/2 weeks high freq probe
62
Tas
At 5 1/2 weeks
63
Eus
Most sensitive for local staging of oesophageal CA
Most sensitive imaging inv to localise nodule in pancreas, CA
Eus guided FNAC confirmatory for CA pancreas
64
Ideal inv for staging oesophageal CA
CECT
65
Left atrium
Transoesophageal echo Better than transthoracic echo
66
Freq of routine obstetric procedure probe
2-7hz thick and low freq probe
67
Hyperechoic (white on usg)
Air
Fat
Bone
Calculus calicification
68
Modes in usg
B mode - for 2d str
A mode - for depth of organs
M mode - for motion of organs
69
Doppler
If towards the probe - red
| Away from probe - blue
70
Optimum velocity calculation in usg
Angle is 60 degree
71
Phases of blood flow
Normal is triphasic in peripheral veins
In visceral artery it is Monophasic pattern with pulsation
In visceral v it is monophasic pattern without pulsation
72
Uteroplacental insufficiency
Normal systole / diastole is <2.6
But in UPI S/d ratio is >3
Absent D flow so tt with corticosteroids and deliver in 34 weeks
Reversal of D flow - sign of impending fetal death or termination
73
ADR of usg
Acoustic cavitation
74
Therapeutic use of usg
ESWL (High freq usg used)
HIFU (high intensity focused usg) where MRI guided HIFU used in fibroid
In hydrocephalus in infant USG Is the most practical technique to evaluate it (upto 18m)
75
Fibroscan or elastograpghy where usg done and it sees elasticity of a tissue
Dec
In cirrhosis
Malignant lesion hard so dec
76
For eyes
Usg a and b modes
77
Thyroid
Hypoechoic lesion is malignant
78
Carotid vs
Usg is scr test for CAD
| IOC - MR ANGIO
79
Usg uses
Lymph nodes localisation
Thorax ECHO done where usg is most sensitive inv for min pleural effusion as little as 5 ml fluid seen
IOC for all gallstones
Preferred for obs and for scrotal pathologies
80
Thorax
Pneumothorax b mode usg seen where normal is sliding pleura sign which is absent in PT
M Mode usg normally sea shore sign seen absent in PT
in PT- stratosphere sign seen
81
MRCP
IOC for CBD stones
82
CT
Most preferred inv for retroperitoneal organs
| Hydatid cyst of lung
83
IOC for ureteric stone
NCCT
84
MRI
IOC for localisation of intraabdominal testis
Min ascites
Min pleural effusion
Hydatid cyst of liver
85
Lower limbs
```
DVT
varicose v
Pvd
Intramuscular abscess
Hematoma
By usg
```
86
Jts
IOC is mri for jt dis
Gold standard- arthroscopy
Ddh- mri is ioc
87
Housefield units hu
Depends on linear attenuation coefficient > mass density
```
Cortical bone - 1000
Fat - -100
Air - -1000
Water - 0
Acute heamtoma- 100
Isodense strc- 40
```
88
Hrct
1mm cuts taken so thin slice thickness cld beam collimation
```
Uses
ILD
bronchiectasis
Military tb
Temporal bone dis
```
89
Conventional CT
1cm cuts are taken
90
Spiral CT or helical CT
- Development of slip ring technology led to spiral CT
| - Multiplanar construction
91
Triphasic CT in mdct
Shows arterial enhancement and portal venous washout in HCC
92
Renal stone s
Hardest stone is cystine stone > bruchite stone > calcium mono hydrate stone
Dual source CT characterise stone
IOC for renal stone detection - NCCT
IOC for characterisation of renal stone- dual source CT
93
NCCT
```
Acute hematoma
Calculus calcification
Cortical bone
Air
Head trauma
```
94
CECT
```
Staging of tumor
To see LN
TO see infections, inflammation and abscess
Trauma
CT angio is type of CECT
```
95
Unstable pt
USG (FAST)
96
CT walls
By lead
97
Mri principle
Gyromagnetism
Invented by Lauterbert and Mansfield
Claustrophobia is problem
Faradays cage in mri made of copper
98
C/I of mri
- free lying foreign body ferromagnetic inside body
- bullet in body
- Orthopedics implants if of metals
- cardiac pacemaker
- metallic heart valves
- hemostatic aneurysmal clips
- cochlear implants
- claustrophobia
- 1st trimester of pregnancy
99
Mri rt (relaxation time)
Proton recoils in horizontal direction cld transverse rt cld T2 RT
if it recoils in vertical direction cld longitudinal relaxation cld T1RT
100
T1mri
More black
To study anatomy
Water black grey matter grey white matter white
White is
Fat, blood products hematoma, proteinsceous substances, melanin, paramagnetic substance gadolinium
101
T2 mri
```
More white
To study pathology of tissue
Water is white
Grey matter is white white mater is grey
Black is:
Cortical bone
Air
Flowing blood where thrombus is white
Calcification
Ligaments, tendons, dense fibrous tissue
Chronic hematoma, hemosiderin
```
102
CT and mri
Cortical Bone is black in mri always and white in CT
103
Mri uses
```
Neural tissue
Bone marrow
Stress fracture
Osteomyelitis localised
Avasular necrosis
Infl dis of bone
Intraosseus extent of skeletal tumor
Cartilage fracture
Ligament and tendons tear
```
104
Mri findings
Huntington chorea- caudate nucleus atrophy seen as box car ventricle
Thalamus inv in Japanese encephalitis
B/l globus pallidus inv in haller vorden spatz dis cld eye of tiger appearance
Putamen is mc site if htn bleed
105
Flair (fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequence)
T2 mri where water is not white but black
Used for brain
106
Stir
T2 mri where fat is seen as black
Where both t1 and T2 normally shows fat as white
Done for BM
107
Diffusion weighted mri
Assess brownisn motion of molecules where if restricted cld restricted diffusion where mcc is:
acute ischemic infarct
High cellular Tumors
Abscess
Epidermal Cyst
Encephalitis
108
Cardiac ct
Done in mid diastole as it is MDCT where multiple sections in 1 rotation
Cardiac CT done in CAD for coronary calcium scoring which denotes degree of atherosclerosis by Agatson method
109
Pulmonary CT angio
Mdct
Best for pulmonary embolism
IOC for aortic aneurysm
V/q scan in preg if Pulmonary embolism is suspected
110
CT
Initial inv for aortic dissection
MRI for severe renal insufficiency or when iodinated contrast is c/I
111
Time of flight techinque
MR ANGIO
112
Racing car sign
Corpus callosal agenesis
113
Marchiava bignami dis
Demyelination of corpus callosum in chronic alcoholics
114
Lipoma
Mc site of lipoma in brain is pericallosal area where in X-ray bracket calcification of lipoma seen as bracket sign
115
Hippocampus volume
Best plane to measure it is coronal plane
Coronal images perpendicular to temporal horn is used to measure amount of hippocampal and median temporal lobe atrophy
It is measured in Alzheimer’s and medial temporal seizures
