General

Question 1

What is Wilson’s disease?

Answer 1

Autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism.

Characterised by copper build up in brain, liver and eyes.

Question 2

Name some symptoms of Wilson’s disease

Answer 2

These may indicate copper accumulation in liver:

• Weakness
• Feeling tired
• Nausea/vomiting
• Jaundice
• Oedema (legs and abdomen)

Kayser-Fleischer rings (dark rings that encircle the iris of the eye - copper depositiion in part of the cornea

Question 3

Name some causes of palmar eryhthema

Answer 3

1. Liver cirrhosis
2. Diabetes
3. Rheumatoid arthirits
4. COPD
5. Wilson disease
6. Pregnancy

Question 4

What causes jaundice?

Answer 4

Build up of bilirubin

Question 5

Name some conditions causing janundice

Answer 5

1. Alcoholic liver disease
2. Gallstones
3. Pancreatitis
4. Hepatitis
5. Sickle cell disease

Question 6

What is bilirubin?

Answer 6

Orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of haemoglobin and exreted in bile

Question 7

Name some types of anaemia

Answer 7

1. Iron-deficeny anaemia
2. Pernicious anaemia (An autoimmune condition that causes the body’s immune system to attack cells in the stomach)
3. Macrocytic anaemia (RBCs abnormally large - over 100 fL. Fewere cells than necessary and carry less haemoglobin, so blood not as oxygen-rich)
4. Microcytic anaemia (RBCs smaller than normal)

Question 8

What is koilonychia a sign of?

Answer 8

Iron-deficiency anaemia

Question 9

What is Russell’s sign?

Answer 9

Thickened/hardened tissue on the knuckles on the back of the hand due to repeated self-induced vomiting.
Associated with eating disorders such as bulimia nervosa or anorexia nervosa.

Question 10

What does a raised Virchow’s node show?

Answer 10

The left supraclavicular lymph node (Virchow’s node) drains the abdomen and thorax.
Sign of cancer in the abdomen, particularly gastric cancer, ovarian, testicular and kidney cancer.

Question 11

What is diabetic ketoacidosis and how is it caused?

Answer 11

Complication of diabetes in which the body produces high levels of ketones.
Develops when body can’t produce enough insulin which normally helps glucose enter cells.
Without enough insulin, body breaks down fat as fuel which produces build up of ketones in bloodstream.

Question 12

Name some symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 12

• Excessive thirst
• Frequent urination
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain
• Fruity-scented breath

Question 13

What are Osler’s nodes a sing of?

Answer 13

Infective endocarditis (infection of the inner surface of the heart, usually the valves)

Question 14

What are Janeway lesions indicative of?

Answer 14

Infective endocarditis (infection of the inner surface of the heart, usually the valves)

Question 15

What is malar flush associated with?

Answer 15

Mitral stenosis

Leads to build up of CO2 (which is a vasodilator)