general Flashcards
1
Q
What is the most important consideration in child custody evaluations?
A
The best interest of the child
2
Q
extinction burst
A
In operant conditioning, an increase in the behavior from which reinforcement is being withdrawn
3
Q
spontaneous recovery
A
In classical conditioning, the reappearance of the conditioned response during extinction trials
4
Q
What is the most common cause of mental retardation?
A
Problems during the embryonic stage of fetal development (conception to 8 weeks). These account for 30% of cases of retardation and can be attributed to chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Down’s syndrome) and/or environmental factors (e.g. maternal drinking or infection)
5
Q
adverse impact
A
A term describing discriminatory selection processes, defined as a minority hiring rate of < 80% of the majority hiring rate
6
Q
two-factor theory
A
a. k.a. Motivation-Hygiene Theory, a.k.a. dual-factor theory. Created by Frederick Herzberg, based on Maslow’s theory. The idea that work satisfaction is derived from:
1. high-level factors for satisfaction (motivators/satisfiers) - e.g. achievement, opportunity, etc. and
2. low-level factors for dissatisfaction (hygiene factors/ dissatisfiers) - e.g. pay, working conditions, etc.
These are not considered to lie on the same scale, so you could be high or low in both.
7
Q
ERG theory
A
By Clayton Alderfer. Modification of Maslow’s theory. Describes 3 non-hierarchical needs – existence (physiological and safety), relatedness (social/external), growth (self-actualization/internal) – that contribute to work satisfaction.
8
Q
frustration-regression principle
A
Part of ERG theory. Says that if a higher-level need is frustrated (e.g. desire for self-actualization), the person will regress to a lower-level need (e.g. socializing w/coworkers)
9
Q
overjustification hypothesis
A
If you’re given a reward for something you like doing, you’ll start liking it less. Relates to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
10
Q
Criterion-based score (a.k.a. referenced score)
A
Calculated in relation to an external criterion – e.g. percentage (the score) of a test (the criterion)
11
Q
Norm-referenced score
A
Calculated in relation to other test-takers; unrelated to how much of a criterion was mastered. E.g. percentile, standard score, IQ score.
12
Q
Beck’s depressive triad of cognitive distortions
A
negative view of self (internal), world (global), and future (stable)
13
Q
Hypnogogic
A
Occurring when falling asleep
14
Q
Hypnopompic
A
Occurring when waking up
15
Q
Iatrogenic
A
Caused by a medical or psychological treatment
16
Q
Concordance rate for bipolar disorder between monozygotic twins
A
80% (dizygotic: 20-25%)
17
Q
Concordance rate for MDD between monozygotic twins
A
55-60% (dizygotic: 20%)
18
Q
Concordance rate for schizophrenia between monozygotic twins
A
50% (dizygotic:10-15%)
19
Q
When in development does handedness develop?
A
Preference emerges at age 2; handedness firmly established at age 7-8. This corresponds with increased brain specialization, decreased plasticity.
20
Q
Interval recording
A
Recording presence/absence of a behavior during pre-specified time intervals. Behavior is quantified in terms of percentage/ratio of time engaged in. Helpful when a behavior doesn’t have a distinct beginning/end
21
Q
Event recording
A
Tallying the number of discrete times a behavior occurs.
22
Q
Content sampling error (a.k.a. item sampling error)
A
Error that reduces test reliability. Results from selecting test items that inadequately cover the content area that the test is supposed to evaluate
23
Q
Howard’s meta-analytic studies of psychotherapy outcome
A
Found that:
- By end of session 8, 50% patients improve
- By end of 6 months, 75% improve
24
Q
Additive scoring
A
Scores of each subscale contribute to the total score (or scores of each individual person contribute to the outcome). Higher scores offset lower scores.
25
Compensatory scoring
Subscale scores (or individuals' scores) are averaged together. Higher scores compensate for lower scores.
26
Conjunctive scoring
A.k.a. multiple cutoff procedure. Subscale scores are considered individually (and might each need to be above some cutoff). (Or, all individuals in a group might need to do well to achieve a rewarding outcome.)
27
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1. physiological
2. safety
3. belonging and love (social needs)
4. esteem
5. self-actualization
28
Akathisia
Most common side effect of neuroleptics. Includes restlessness, especially in legs.
29
Dystonia
A medication side effect. Acute contractions of tongue, face, neck; twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures.
30
Parkinsonism
A medication side effect. Stiffness, "mask-like face", shuffling gait, drooling, tremors
31
Akinesia
A medication side effect; also a description of Parkinson's symptoms. Apathy, decreased spontaneous gestures, decreased voluntary movement.
32
Demographic characteristics most highly correlated with suicide
White, male, middle to high SES. Women are more likely to *attempt* suicide, but men are more likely to die by suicide because they use more lethal means. Black people have the lowest suicide rates.
33
Parietal lobe
Processes somatosensory input -- e.g. light touch, pain, temperature, proprioception. Damage results in left-right confusion, problems performing motor activities
34
Occipital lobe
Includes primary visual cortex.
35
Temporal lobe
Includes primary auditory cortex, amygdala ("temper, temper"), hypothalamus
36
Equity theory
Posits that inequity between your own input/outcome and another person's leads to motivation to change performance to make things more fair. If the situation is inequitable, the person may try to increase outcome (e.g. salary) or decrease input (e.g. amount of work) to match.
37
Rational economic model of decision-making (a.k.a. classical decision theory)
Gathering all relevant information, considering all possible solutions, and choosing the best.
38
Administrative model of decision making (a.k.a. behavioral decision theory, a.k.a. bounded rationality model)
Based on work of Herbert Simon. Recognizes real-world limitations on decision-making. Uses a "satisficing" style and involves choosing first adequate possibility.
39
Confidentiality rules of employee EAP programs
Employee's supervisor is entitled to know about EAP therapy attendance, but not content of sessions.
40
Quality assurance
A workplace assessment of availability, adequacy, and appropriateness of services.
41
Utilization review
A workplace assessment of costs and conservation of resources
42
Are psychologists mandated to report their health status (e.g. HIV) to the licensing board?
No
43
Psychoanalytic explanation of mania
Defense against depression
44
Beta waves
Occur in alert states
45
Alpha waves
Occur during relaxation, eyes closed
46
Delta waves
Occur during deep sleep (sleep stages 3 & 4)
47
Theta waves
Occur as a person first drifts into sleep (stage 1)
48
Response of avoidant baby in Strange Situation task
Avoid and/or ignore the mom when she comes back into the room. No crying or clinging to mom before or after she leaves.
49
Broca's area
In left frontal lobe, on inferior frontal gyrus. Controls muscles used for speech production and fluency.
50
Wernicke's area
In temporal lobes. Associated with speech comprehension.
51
function of basal ganglia
initiation and control of movement; learning; includes striatum
52
functions of hypothalamus
part of limbic system; regulates ANS activity; sleep-wake (Circadian) cycle, body temperature, thirst, hunger
53
forebrain (a.k.a. prosencephalon)
main part of brain; includes telencephalon (occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal) and diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland)
54
midbrain (a.k.a. mesencephalon)
top of brainstem, connects forebrain to hindbrain; regulates movement, processes, auditory/visual signals; includes tectum, cerebral peducle, substantia nigra
55
hindbrain (a.k.a. rhombencephalon)
contains pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
56
structural family therapy (Salvador Minuchin)
Focuses on hierarchies, boundaries, subsystems, enmeshment, disengagement. Aims to reorganize structures to remove dysfunctional elements -- e.g. by restructuring parents in a coalition against their child, prohibiting kids from talking about symptomatic behavior with parents.
57
Freud's stages of psychosexual development
1. oral (birth-1 year): mouth
2. anal (1-3 years): peeing and pooping
3. phallic (3-6 years): genitalia; Oedipus/Electra complex
4. latency (6-puberty); dormant sexual feelings
5. genital (puberty-death): sexual interests mature
58
Erikson's developmental stages
1. trust vs mistrust (birth-1 year)
2. autonomy vs shame/doubt (1-3 years): "me do it"
3. initiative vs guilt (3-6 years): initiating and achieving goals
4. industry vs inferiority (6-12 years): pride in schoolwork/sport/family life
5. identity vs role confusion (12-18 years): "who am I?"
6. intimacy vs isolation (20s through early 40s)
7. generativity vs stagnation (40s-60s): finding life's work, helping others
8. integrity vs despair (60s-death): satisfaction when looking back at life
59
Larry P v. Riles
argued that IQ tests in schools resulted in minority students being placed disproportionately in special-ed classes
60
Reactance
When someone becomes more resistant to social influence in response to feeling pressured by the influencer
61
Resistance
Refusing to take a suggestion
62
Retroflection
A boundary disturbance in Gestalt therapy; taking what you want to do to someone else and doing it to yourself
63
Job evaluation
Conducted to determine financial worth of a job. Different from a performance evaluation or job analysis.
64
Job analysis
Performed to determine job tasks and training requirements. Used to match candidates with jobs, determine salary, establish safety standards.
65
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Happes as a result of amygdala damage. Hypoemotionality, agnosia, increased docility, hypersexuality, hyperphagia
66
Bayes Theorem
describes statistical probability of certain events given likelihood of other events
67
BARS
Behaviorally anchored rating scale. An absolute measure of performance, with behavioral anchors based on critical incidents
68
Which type of therapy is best known for doing dreamwork?
Gestalt therapy. The therapist has the pt talk from the POV of each object in the dream.
69
Stimulus generalization
A classical conditioning term. Generalizing from CS to similar but neutral stimuli. E.g. if afraid of dogs, also becoming afraid of cats.
70
Response generalization
An operant conditioning term. Doing a similar behavior to one that was previously reinforced.
71
implosive therapy
similar to imaginal flooding; a type of imaginal exposure in which the person imagines an exaggerated version of the anxiety-provoking stimulus. Based on classical extinction.
72
systematic desensitization
a.k.a. reciprocal inhibition (Wolpe). Gradual exposure (imaginal or in vivo) while using relaxation techniques. Does not arouse high levels of anxiety.
73
Counterconditioning
Conditioning to replace an undesired response with a more desired one
74
Piaget's developmental stages
1. sensorimotor (birth-2 years) - learning is based on physical experience, trial & error
2. preoperational (2-7 years) - egocentricity, symbolic thinking (e.g. language); difficulty with idea of constancy; animism, magical thinking
3. concrete operational (7-11 years) - inductive logic; understanding of conservation
4. formal operational (12 and up) - abstract concepts, hypotheses based on past experience
75
standard error of the estimate
A measure of the accuracy of predictions made with a regression line.
Formula: std err est = SD(sqrt((1-r)^2)), where SD is the standard deviation of the criterion and r is the validity coefficient. The larger the variance in criterion scores, the greater the variance in error; the higher the validity coefficient (i.e. the better the test is at predicting criterion outcome), the smaller the error.
76
validity coefficient
Magnitude of correlation between a test and a criterion variable. Represents validity of a test.
77
Can someone with a mixed episode be diagnosed with bipolar I?
Yes
78
Foods to avoid when taking MAOI
Foods high in tyramine (can cause hypertension/stroke): alcohol, fava/broad beans, aged cheese, liver, smoked meat; foods to limit: soy sauce, avocado, banana, eggplant, spinach, tomato, yogurt
79
base rate (in the context of I/O)
the rate of hiring good employees without a predictor test
80
selection ratio
the ratio of # of job openings to # of applicants
81
incremental validity
proportion of improvement in success rate, relative to base rate, due to adding a predictor test
82
Taylor-Russell tables
Used to determine the value of a predictor test for hiring decisions based on the selection ratio and base rate. Incremental validity of a test is best when base rate is moderate (~.5), selection ratio is low (~.1), and validity coefficient is high.
83
Balance Theory
Says that a situation with 2 people and 1 object is out of balance when there are two positive links and one negative, which leads to change (e.g. Andrea likes David, Andrea likes skiing, David doesn't like skiing)
84
M'Naughton Rule
Relates to the insanity defense. In this case, the insanity defense was used to defend someone w/schizophrenia who killed England's prime minister's secretary
85
An active, confrontational, persuasive style is characteristic of which type of therapy?
Ellis's Rational Emotive Therapy
86
Item Response Theory (a.k.a. Latent Trait Theory)
Guides the design/scoring/analysis of questionnaires. Doesn't assume that all test items are equally easy/hard. Draws connections between an item, the person taking the test, and the latent trait being measured. The theoretical basis of computer adaptive assessment.
87
Under what circumstances is punishment most effective?
When administered early in the behavior sequence, at maximum intensity from the beginning, and consistently
88
halo effect
when ratings (either negative or positive) on one dimension affect ratings of the same person on other dimensions
89
contrast effect
when ratings of one person are affected by ratings of previous people
90
leniency bias
when rater rates everyone well
91
Which perceived characteristics of a manager are most likely to lead workers to do what they say?
being skilled/knowledgeable (expert power) and being likable/easy to identify with (referent power)
92
DRO
differential reinforcement of other behaviors. Extinction of an undesired behavior while reinforcing a desired behavior
93
holophrasic speech
Using single words to express something. Happens from 12-18 months.
94
telegraphic speech
Using two-word phrases. Happens around 18-24 months.
95
Fiedler's Contingency Theory
Relates to a leader's rating of a least preferred coworker (LPC). Low-LPC leaders are task-oriented and do best when they have either low or high situational control. High-LPC leaders are relationship-oriented and do best when they have moderate situational control.
96
Gertsmann's syndrome
Caused by lesions to dominant parietal lobe. Characterized by agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, finger agnosia
97
Theory X
A theory of work productivity positing that workers are lazy and need external reinforcement to do their work.
98
Theory Y
A theory of work productivity positing that workers are hard-working, creative, and seek challenges
99
Theory Z
A theory of work productivity positing that workers should be part of a company for life, promoted slowly, and group decision-making is important for companies
100
self-serving bias
attribution of your successes to your disposition and your failures to circumstance
101
actor-observer bias
attribution of one's own actions to the situation but others' actions to disposition
102
fundamental attribution error
attribution of others' behavior to disposition and underplaying situational factors
103
Rett's disorder
A genetic disorder seen only in females. Symptoms: sudden head growth deceleration, loss of hand skills followed by stereotyped hand movements, loss of social engagement, impaired language development, psychomotor retardation
104
What is the relationship between job satisfaction and 1) age, 2) gender, 3) race, and 4) type of work?
1) job satisfaction increases with age
2) no difference in job satisfaction between men and women
3) job satisfaction is greater among white vs minority people
3) job satisfaction is greater at higher occupational levels and lower in routine work (e.g. assembly lines)
105
QWL programs
a.k.a. quality of work-life programs. Programs meant to improve working life, in which workers meet regularly in teams to discuss issues in their purview.
106
discriminant analysis
a statistical test designed to predict a categorical DV from a set of continuous IVs (e.g. predicting who will pass the EPPP based on study time, age, and GPA)
107
Under what circumstances is it easiest to persuade someone?
The person has moderate self-esteem and there is a moderate discrepancy between their attitude and the message
108
When trying to persuade someone, under what circumstances should you present both sides of the argument vs only one side?
Present both sides if the person is initially opposed, intelligent, and well-informed. Present one side if the person is initially in favor, stupid, and poorly informed.
109
APA rules for record retention
Keep full record for 3 years after finishing treatment, then keep either summary or full record for another 12 years (at least 15 years total)
110
Cluster analysis
Used to derive subgroups from a cluster of DVs
111
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Has permanent effects: physical deformities, delayed motor development, decreased intelligence
112
proactive inhibition
When old knowledge interferes with learning of new knowledge
113
retroactive inhibition
When new knowledge interferes with retrieval of old knowledge
114
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories after an amnesia-causing event
115
retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve old memories
116
Premack Principle
a.k.a. probability-differential theory. The opportunity to do a high-probability behavior (e.g. eating candy, playing pinball) will reinforce a low-probability behavior (e.g. doing homework)
117
cluster sampling
randomly selecting naturally-occurring groups/samples (e.g. schools in a district, counties in a state). Often all the subjects within that cluster are sampled, but it can also be a random sampling of subjects within the cluster.
118
stratified random sampling
dividing the population into homogeneous groups, then randomly sampling within each
119
gate control theory
By Melzack & Wall. Pain is governed by a neurochemical "gate" that is either open or closed. Positive feelings/thoughts close the gate and negative ones open it.
120
What is the factor most strongly associated with suicide?
Hopelessness
121
Jung vs. Freud
In contrast to Freud, Jung didn't think all personality development was based on sex drives; had a more positive view of human nature; and emphasized personality and spiritual development in adulthood (not just childhood development)
122
Ziegarnik effect
tendency to remember partially finished tasks better than completed ones
123
Barnum effect
tendency to identify with vague descriptions of themselves, e.g. a horoscope
124
Common medication for OCD
andidepressants - e.g. clomipramine (Anafranil - a triciclyic) or fluoxetine (Prozac - SSRI)
125
ethical rule regarding multiple relationship
they're discouraged but sometimes unavoidable. They're allowed as long as therapeutic objectivity isn't compromised, and there is no exploitation of the patient.
126
power test (in psychoed testing)
a test of the highest level a subject can achieve. no time restrictions, liberal limits
127
What is the best therapy for specific phobias (agoraphobia, etc)?
Flooding -- i.e. exposure with response prevention. Based on the principle of classical extinction.
128
Cognitive processing in older vs. younger adults
Older adults:
- Do worse than younger adults on higher-order cognitive processes (problem-solving, reasoning, etc) in lab situations, but as well or better when measured in terms of real-world function.
- Do well on simple attention tasks but have more trouble with complex ones. - Are poorer at learning and retrieving new info from long-term memory.
129
primary reinforcer
Things that are innately reinforcing across ages and cultures, e.g. food
130
secondary reinforcer
Something that's not innately reinforcing but acquires reinforcing value through experience. E.g. positive feedback
131
generalized conditioned reinforcer
Something that has reinforcing value because it provides access to other reinforcers, e.g. money/tokens
132
discriminative stimulus
A stimulus in the presence of which a certain behavior will be reinforced -- e.g. if you get a point for clicking button A but not B, button A would be a discriminative stimulus
133
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
Based on Piaget's ideas.
1. preconventional (age 4-10)
1a. obedience and punishment
1b. self-interest ("what's in it for me?")
2. conventional (age 10-13)
2a. interpersonal accord and conformity ("good boy"/"good girl")
2b. authority and social-order maintaining
3. post-conventional (early adolescence to adulthood)
3a. social contract (mutual benefit, reciprocity)
3b. universal ethical principles
134
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
anxiety, shaking hands, headache, vomiting, sweating; hallucinations/delusions, seizures, fever, racing heart
135
Symptoms of benzodiazepine (e.g. valium) withdrawal
rebound anxiety/insomnia, irritability, headaches, sensory distortions, agitation, high blood pressure, seizures, hallucinations; can be fatal if done abruptly
136
Symptoms of opiate (heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycodone) withdrawal
agitation, anxiety, insomnia, sweating; diarrhea, vomiting; very unpleasant but not life-threatening
137
flex-time
employees choose their hours as long as it includes some common set of hours. Associated with better morale, less absenteeism/tardiness
138
Rehm's self-control model of depression
Integrates cognitive and behavioral principles. Depression results from negative self-eval, lack of self-reinforcement, too much self-punishment. Treatment addresses self-monitoring, self-eval, self-control skills, change in thoughts & behaviors
139
Kohut's self psychology
A psychoanalytic approach. Refers to selfobject needs (dependence on other people), including mirroring, idealization, twinship. Says that narcissism stems from lack of parental empathy, so therapist must provide empathy.
140
social buffering hypothesis
perceived social support (as opposed to actual social support) buffers against depression and suicide
141
T-score
a standardized score; mean = 50, SD = 10
142
z-score
a standardized score representing the number of standard deviations from the mean a data point is; mean = 0, SD = 1. range= -3 to 3.
143
relationship between z-score and percentile
```
z = 0: 50th percentile
z = 1: 84th percentile
z = 2: 98th percentile
```
```
z = -1 to 1: 68% of sample
z = -2 to 2: 95% of sample
```
144
Lithium side effects
gastric distress, weight gain, tremor, fatigue, mild cognitive impairment
145
tricyclic medication
Include Elavil, imipramine, clomipramine, amitriptyline. Best for "classic" depression (bodily symptoms, worse in AM, short duration/acute onset, moderate severity). Side effects include sedation, weight gain, anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, urinary retention)
146
SSRI medication
Include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil). Best for moderate to severe depression. Fewer side effects than tricyclics, lower risk for fatal overdose. Side effects include agitation, insomnia, decreased libido, headache, nausea
147
primary prevention
intervention for non-affected group to prevent the problem from happening at all
148
secondary prevention
early intervention to prevent a problem from getting worse
149
tertiary prevention
intervention to reduce recurrence or residual effects of problems
150
social referencing
when infants use affective cues (e.g. from mom) for guidance in uncertain situations. Begins around 1 year of age
151
Around what age do embarrassment, empathy, and envy develop?
Around age 2
152
Alzheimer's involves a decrease in which neurotransmitter?
acetylcholine
153
covert sensitization
imaginal aversive conditioning. Used for "deviant" behaviors: smoking, fetishes, etc.
154
empirical criterion keying
A method of developing personality tests. A set of criteria are given to people with and without a known characteristic ("criterion groups"), and only items that distinguish between groups are retained.
155
Tests that were developed using empirical criterion keying
MMPI, Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory; Kuder Occupational Interest Survey.
NOT used for MCMI (Millon)
156
Atkinson's theory of achievement motivation (NAch)
Success depends on:
1. task difficulty - intermediate
2. motive/need to achieve - high; associated with independence, challenge-seeking, pride in accomplishments
3. need to avoid failure - high
157
Under what circumstances is a group leader most likely to deviate from group norms?
When the leader is secure in their position
158
criterion contamination
when there is a spuriously high correlation between predictor and criterion (validity coefficient) because of a rater's prior knowledge of the predictor ratings
159
Symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal
dysphoria, psychomotor retardation, increased appetite
160
At what value does an ANOVA F-ratio start becoming significant?
2.0
161
parallel process
when a therapist acts toward a supervisor like a patient has acted toward the therapist
162
Deci's studies of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
Found that, in contrast to the overjustification effect, extrinsic rewards can enhance intrinsic motivation if used as feedback about performance (e.g. getting a raise for good work) rather than used to control performance
163
K scale of MMPI
measures guardedness/defensiveness; corrects for these things on some clinical scales. Very low K score is associated with acute psychological distress (d)
164
F scale of MMPI
reflects infrequently endorsed items; can mean either malingering or random response. If too high, it invalidates the entire test.
165
L scale of the MMPI
The Lie ("faking good") scale. Intended to catch people lying, in denial about their symptoms, or with low insight. Items asked about things that sound good, but are rarely actually endorsed by most people.
166
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Stimulus --> bodily reaction --> emotion (I'm running, so I must be scared)
167
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Stimulus --> thalamus --> simultaneous bodily reaction and emotion. Emotion doesn't rely on bodily reaction.
168
Schacter's Theory of Emotion
A.k.a. two-factor theory of emotion. Stimulus --> bodily reaction + cognitive labeling of the reaction --> emotion. E.g. crying at a wedding = happy, crying at a funeral = sad
169
Who does the APA ethics code apply to?
Officially only members of the APA. However, licensing boards often follow APA ethics codes.
170
group polarization
When a group discusses a topic, the views discussed are more extreme and in the same direction as the views held by individual group members. Group decisions tend to be more extreme (in either direction) than individuals' decisions would be.
171
Under what circumstances is dementia due to head trauma progressive?
Generally only after multiple head traumas. If it looks progressive after just one, there is usually a superimposed condition such as hydrocephalus.
172
Lenore Walker's cycle of violence
1. tension building, 2. acute battering incident, 3. loving contrition. The abusive relationship is stable when the benefits of the relationship in the loving contrition stage balance out the costs of the abuse
173
How does antisocial personality disorder change over adulthood?
Symptoms, especially criminal behaviors, decrease with time. But APD is chronic, and interpersonal problems may still exist.
174
Solomon four-group design
An experimental study design used when there are concerns that pre-testing might change treatment effects. Groups consist of:
1. Pre-test, treatment, post-test
2. Pre-test, no treatment, post-test
3. Treatment, post-test
4. No treatment, post-test
175
APA standard of objectivity in teaching/training
psychologists must give accurate information "with a reasonable degree of objectivity"
176
experiment-wise error
the probability of getting at least one Type I error (false positive) across all the analyses in an experiment
177
fee capitation
fixed amount of money paid per client (not per visit or procedure)
178
time-series design
Take a series of measurements over time to get a longitudinal baseline trend, then introduce an experimental manipulation. Biggest problem with this design is if a historical event co-occurs with the manipulation.
179
Blocking
Presenting a CS along with a second stimulus just before the UCS. This prevents the second stimulus from becoming associated with the UCS.
180
Higher-order conditioning
Presenting a CS along with a second, neutral stimulus (not in the presence of the UCS). This leads the second stimulus to be associated with the CS, usually with a weaker conditioned response
181
Adlerian therapy
Involves 12 stages, focuses on warmth and empathy. Main motivator of behavior is a desire to belong. If things go well, this can be a motivation to pursue success. If they don't, this desire can be channeled into goals of power, attention, inadequacy, or revenge. Also focuses on importance of birth order.
182
Central limit theorem
As sample size increases, the shape of a sampling distribution of the means approaches normality (even if the original population isn't normally distributed)
183
paresis
Partial paralysis, caused by injury resulting in incomplete severing of the spinal cord. Can consist of numbness, tingling
184
Timothy Crow's subtypes of schizophrenia
1. Type I: More likely due to neurotransmitter problems; causes positive symptoms. Responds better to antipsychotics. Symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, disorganized thinking.
2. Type II: More likely due to structural brain problems; causes negative symptoms. Begins in adolescence, doesn't respond to most antipsychotics, poor prognosis. Symptoms: word salad, apathy, antisociality
185
WISC-V index scores
1. Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) - measures verbal concept formation
2. Visual Spatial Index (VSI) - measures spatial processing
3. Fluid Reasoning Index (FRI) - measures inductive and quantitative reasoning
4. Working Memory Index (WMI) - measures working memory ability
5. Processing Speed Index (PSI) - measures processing speed
186
WISC Verbal Comprehension Index
Composed of Similarities, Vocabulary, Information, Comprehesion
187
WISC Visual Spatial Index
Composed of Block Design, Visual Puzzles
188
WISC Fluid Reasoning Index
Composed of Matrix Reasoning, Figure Weights, Picture Concepts, Arithmetic
189
WISC Working Memory Index
Composed of Digit Span, Picture Span, Letter-Number Sequencing
190
Processing Speed Index
Composed of Coding, Symbol Search, Cancellation
191
Item Characteristic Curve
Used in Item Response Theory. A plot created for each item showing percentage of people from different ability groups who answered the item correctly. Can convey item difficulty discrimination between high and low scorers, probability of answering correctly by guessing
192
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model
1. Microsystem - child's immediate environment; home, school, peer group
2. Mesosystem - interactions between microsystems; home and school, peers and family, etc.
3. Exosystem - indirect environment; parents' workplace, extended family
4. Macrosystem - social/cultural values
5. Chronosystem - changes over time
193
Medications for bipolar disorder
Lithium, Tegretol (carbamazepine), Depakote (valproic acid)
194
Cattell & Horn's theory of intelligence
Fluid intelligence - logic, problem-solving, pattern identification. Culture-free.
Crystallized intelligence - Learned knowledge, experience. Affected by education, culture.
Fluid and crystallized are highly correlated, and crystallized develops via use of fluid.
195
Curriculum-based assessment
Used to assess students in the context of a specific curriculum and potentially make changes based on the curriculum as a result. Considered a criterion-referenced (not norm-referenced) assessment since it's evaluated with respect to an external criterion (the curriculum).
196
Requirements for a token economy
1. target behaviors (i.e. behaviors to change)
2. choice of reinforcers (what is reinforcing to the client)
3. rate of exchange (how many tokens will purchase the reinforcer)
197
Huntingonton's Disease
Dominant genetic disorder that begins with degeneration of the striatum in the basal ganglia, leading to decreased GABA, which leads to too much dopamine. Symptoms: uncontrollable movement of arms, legs, face (chorea); impaired gait/balance; difficulty speaking/swallowing; impulsivity, perseveration, learning difficulties; depression.
198
vestibule training
A method of off-the-job job training with conditions simulating the real job environment
199
Broca's aphasia
difficulty producing language, including repeating what someone says
200
Wernicke's aphasia
a.k.a. receptive aphasia. Difficulty with comprehension, leading to problems with spoken and written language, and word recall. Includes difficulty repeating words someone says.
201
Conduction aphasia
Caused by damage to neurons connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas. Characterized by difficulty repeating words someone says. Speech comprehension and production are intact, but speech contains lots of errors.
202
Hersey & Blanchard's situational model of leadership
Describes four leadership styles, which managers should choose depending on the employee's maturity level and the situation:
1. Telling: giving instructions. Used for employees who are unable, not willing/confident.
2. Selling: somewhat directive, but explaining decisions. Employees are unable, willing/confident.
3. Delegating: giving responsibility to employees. Employees are able, willing/confident.
4. Participating: leader and employees share ideas. Employees are able, not willing/confident.
203
House's path-goal model of management
leader's style should be adapted to fit employees and environment to achieve a goal. Aim to increase employees'motivation, satisfaction.
204
Vroom and Yetton's normative model of management
Uses a decision tree to determine whether to use an autocratic, consultative, or consensual decision-making approach. Leadership style and degree of employee involvement in decision-making depends on importance of decision, acceptability of decision to employees, time required to make decision.
205
What is the drug most commonly abused by teenagers?
Alcohol
206
Vroom's Expectancy Theory
Motivation depends on:
1. Belief about association between effort and performance
2. Belief about relationship between performance and outcome
3. Desirability (valence) of outcome.
207
Kohlberg's theory of childhood development of gender concepts
1. gender identity (by age 3) - categorizing self and others as male/female
2. Gender stability (by age 4) - understanding that gender stays the same throughout life
3. Gender constancy (by age 5-6) - gender doesn't change based on appearance
208
Characteristics associated with resilience after trauma
social support, skill in at least one activity (and associated self-efficacy)
209
Petty's Elaboration Likelihood Model
A cognitive model of persuasion. Says that people can be persuaded through one of two routes:
1. central: thoughtful consideration of the information presented
2. peripheral: based on more superficial positive/negative cues (e.g. attractiveness and production quality of message source), rather than logic
210
Lazarus theory of emotion
a thought has to precede any emotion or physiological arousal
211
Absence seizure
a.k.a. petit mal seizure. Very brief (=< 30s), lack of awareness, minimal movement. Believed to originate in thalamus. Usually happen in childhood and outgrown by adulthood.
212
Complex partial seizure disorder
a.k.a. focal dyscognitive seizure, a.k.a. temporal lobe epilepsy. Originates in temporal lobe (usually). Uncontrolled body movements, lack of awareness; seizures are very brief. Starts in one part of the body and spreads
213
tonic-clonic seizure
a.k.a. grand mal seizure. 1-3 minutes long, loss of consciousness, rhythmic twitching/jerking
214
Parkinson's disease
Caused by degeneration of substantia nigra, leading to decreased dopamine delivered to other areas of the basal ganglia. Tremors, difficulty with voluntary movement.
215
coalition (in the context of Minuchin's structural family therapy)
when one parent and a child gang up on the other parent
216
triangulation (in the context of Minuchin's structural family therapy)
when two family members with an ongoing conflict bring in another family member (e.g. when each parent tries to get a child to take their side)
217
joining (in the context of Minuchin's structural family therapy)
A step that involves tracking (identifying and using the family's values, etc.) and mimesis (taking on the affective style of the family).
218
introjection
A term from Gestalt therapy; taking on other people's values as if they were your own
219
Huesmann et al (2003)'s study of TV violence
increases later aggressive behavior for both boys and girls
220
What brain area is overactive in OCD?
caudate nucleus
221
inferior colliculus
in midbrain; controls auditory reflexes
222
locus coeruleus
in the pons, within the brainstem; controls physiological responses related to stress and panic; associated with depression and panic disorder
223
procedural memory
Part of long-term memory and a subset of implicit memory. How to do things (i.e. motor skills).
224
semantic memory
Part of long-term memory relating to ideas/concepts NOT based on personal experience. Rules of logic/inference as well as common knowledge such as color names, capitals of cities, sounds of letters.
225
episodic memory
memory of events in personal experience
226
components of long-term memory
1. procedural memory
2. episodic memory
3. semantic memory
227
factor loading
correlation between a measure and a factor
228
postcentral gyrus
in the parietal lobe, just behind the central sulcus; contains the primary somatosensory cortex (receptive area for sense of touch)
229
precentral gyrus
at the back of the frontal lobe, just in front of the central sulcus; contains the primary motor cortex (codes for motor movement)
230
lateral fissure
separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
231
criterion deficiency
when a criterion is insufficient to validly predict the outcome, e.g. using typing speed as a predictor of an administrator's job performance
232
rules about using age, disability, etc. as criteria for hiring
You can use any criteria as long as you can show that it's job-related. If someone charges you with discriminatory hiring practices, you have the burden of proving the job-relevance of the criterion.
233
frame-of-reference training
done to improve rater accuracy; teaches raters to focus on specific characteristics that align with the organization's ideas about good performance
234
Korsakoff's syndrome
a.k.a. alcohol-induced persisting amnestic disorder due to thiamine deficiency. Thiamine = vitamin B1. Characterized by anterograde and sometimes retrograde amnesia due to damage to thalamus and hypothalamus.
235
apraxia of speech
difficulty planning, initiating, and sequencing speech movements accurately
236
dysarthria
difficulty with speech articulation
237
Stuart's operant interpersonal therapy
A type of marital therapy that encourages couples to focus on each others' positive traits and use reciprocal reinforcement ("quid pro quo"). Successful marriages are seen as having more rewards than costs.
238
Gardner's theory of intelligence
Theory of multiple intelligences (linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist). Based on the idea that evaluation of intelligence is culture-specific.
239
Eagly meta-analyses of gender and leadership
Male and female leaders equally effective. Women more effective when leadership role defined as "feminine" and men more when defined as "masculine." Men better in 1st-level management positions, women better in middle management.
240
Eagly's social role theory of sex differences
Behavior of men and women arises primarily through socialization to cultural gender roles
241
Patterson's coercive family interactive model
Kids learn aggression via modeling by parents. Kids and parents get stuck in a cycle where the parent's aggressive behavior elicits resistance from kid, which elicits more negativity from parent, etc until one of them "wins". Eventually generalizes to other contexts (e.g. school).
242
Weber's law
Describes the association between a physical stimulus and the way it's perceived. "Just noticeable difference" is proportional to magnitude of the original (baseline) stimulus. E.g. easier to notice a difference b/t 1 and 2 lbs than between 50 and 51 lbs
243
Robert Sternberg’s triarchic model of intelligence
3 interacting components:
1. componential/analytical aspect - processing and analyzing information
2. experiential/creative aspect - dealing with unfamiliar situations
3. practical/contextual aspect - responding to environment
244
MMPI score indicating "faking bad"
high score on F scale
245
MMPI scores indicating "faking good"
high K, high L, low F
246
DSM-V "other specified disorder"
used if you want to indicate why the patient didn't meet criteria for another disorder (e.g. "other specified depressive disorder, recurrent brief depression")
247
DSM-V "unspecified disorder"
used if you don't want to indicate why the patient meet criteria for another specific disorder
248
Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI)
a semi-structured interview in the DSM to gather client's view of sociocultural factors in their presenting problems
249
intellectual disability
1. deficits in intellectual functioning
2. problems in adaptive functioning (independence, social responsibility, etc)
3. onset during childhood
250
autism spectrum disorder
1. deficits in social communication
2. restrictive/repetitive behavior, interests, and activities
3. symptoms during childhood
4. impairment in social, occupational, or other area
251
ADHD DSM criteria
1. inattention (6 symptoms) and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity (6 symptoms) for at least 6 months
2. onset before age 12
3. present in at least 2 settings (e.g. home and school)
4. interferes with functioning
252
ADHD subtypes
1. predominantly inattentive presentation: >= 6 symptoms of inattention, < 6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity
2. predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation: >= 6 symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, <6 symptoms of inattention
3. combined presentation: >= 6 symptoms of each
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Barkley's behavioral disinhibition hypothesis of ADHD
behavioral inhibition problems in ADHD are due to problems in:
1. working memory
2. self-regulation of affect/motivation/arousal
3. internal monologue
4. behavioral analysis and synthesis
254
brain abnormalities in ADHD
low activity and small size of caudate, globus pallidus, PFC
255
NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA)
Compared meds alone (methylphenidate), behavioral therapy alone, combined meds/therapy, routine care. Initially, both mes alone and combined tx did better than therapy alone or community care; but long-term follow-ups found that all groups had similar outcomes.
256
specific learning disorder
1. academic skill deficits below expected for pt's age
2. persists for >= 6 months despite intervention
3. interferes with job/school performance or life
4. onset during school age
257
subtypes of specific learning disorder
1. with impairment in reading
2. with impairment in written expression
3. with impairment in mathematics
258
Tourette's disorder
1. one or more vocal tics
2. multiple motor tics
3. persists for at least 1 year
4. onset before age 18
Linked to elevated dopamine, hypersensitivity of dopamine receptors in caudate. Often comorbid with OCD. Often treated with antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol, pimozide)
259
Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder
one or more vocal OR motor tics for at least a year, began prior to age 18. In contrast to Tourette's doesn't require both motor and vocal tics.
260
Meichenbaum's stress inoculation model
Used to help "inoculate" patients against upcoming stress. Includes:
1. initial conceptualization: psychoeducation about stress, appraisal, cognitive distortions
2. skills acquisition
3. application and follow-through: practice coping skills
261
delusional disorder
At least one delusion lasting at least a month. Subtypes: erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed, unspecified
262
schizophrenia diagnostic criteria
1. Two or more active phase symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, negative symptoms), with at least one being one of the first three listed, for at least 1 month
2. continuous symptoms for at least 6 months
3. functional impairment
263
anosognosia
poor insight into illness; this is a predictor of relapse in schizophrenia. Often due to damage to the right parietal lobe.
264
good prognostic indicators for schizophrenia
1. good premorbid adjustment
2. acute and late onset
3. female gender
4. precipitating event
5. brief duration of active-phase symptoms
6. insight
7. family history of mood disorder, no family history of schizophrenia
265
brain abnormalities in schizophrenia
Enlarged ventricles, small hippocampus, amygdala, globus pallidus. Low PFC functioning associated with negative symptoms, poor cognitive performance.
266
traditional (first-generation) antipsychotic medications
Include haloperidol, fluphenazine; most useful for positive symptoms. Severe side effects, especially tardive dyskinesia.
267
atypical (second-generation) antipsychotic medications
Include clozapine, risperidone. Can help positive and negative symptoms. Less likely than first-generation antipsychotics to cause tardive dyskinesia.
268
schizophreniform disorder
same criteria as schizophrenia, except symptoms are present for 1-6 months, and impaired functioning not required
269
brief psychotic disorder
One day to mone month, with return to pemorbid functioning. One or more of: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized/catatonic behavior; at least one must be one of the first three. Often due to intense stressor.
270
bipolar I disorder
At least one manic episode lasting at least 1 week, most of the day nearly every day. At least three of the following: inflated self-esteem/grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, excessive talkativeness, flight of ideas. Marked impairment, hospitalization, or psychosis.
271
bipolar II disorder
At least one hypomanic episode (3 symptoms, at least 4 days) and one major depressive episode.
272
cyclothymic disorder
numerous subthreshold hypomanic and depressive periods, significant distress or impairment. At least 2 years in adults, 1 year in children and adolescents. Present at least half the time, not more than 2 months symptom-free.
273
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
1. severe recurrent temper outbursts out of proportion to the situation, at least 3x/week
2. chronic irritable/angry mood between outbursts most days
3. Symptoms present at least 12 months in at least 2 of 3 settings (home, school, with peers)
4. Onset before age 10
5. First diagnosed between ages 6 and 18
274
Lewisohn's behavioral theory of depression
Based on operant conditioning. Says MDD is due to low reinforcement for social and other behaviors (e.g. due to death of a partner or change in social environment)
275
MAOI medications
Helpful for depression that doesn't respond to tricyclics or SSRIs, or with atypical symptoms (anxiety, hypersomnia, hyperphagia, interpersonal sensitivity).
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treatment for specific phobia, blood injection injury subtype
exposure with response prevention, plus applied tension (tensing and releasing large muscles to increase blood pressure) for the vasovagal response
277
treatment for social anxiety disorder
exposure with response prevention; can be enhanced by social skills training or cognitive techniques, or SSRI/SNRI/propranolol (a beta-blocker)
278
medical conditions to rule out before diagnosing panic disorder
hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmia
279
time frame for diagnosing separation anxiety disorder in kids vs adults
symptoms must be present for 4 weeks in kids and adolescents, 6 months in adults
280
reactive attachment disorder
A childhood disorder due to parental neglect, repeated change in primary caregivers, or growing up in a weird situation where it's difficult to form selective attachments. Symptoms:
1. Lack of seeking/responding to comfort when distressed
2. Social/emotional disturbance with >= 2 of a list of several symptoms (irritability, sadness, fearfulness)
281
disinhibited social engagement disorder
A childhood disorder due to parental neglect, repeated change in primary caregivers, or growing up in a weird situation where it's difficult to form selective attachments. Symptoms: inappropriate interactions with unfamiliar adults
282
PTSD
Symptoms lasting at least 1 month and causing distress/impairment:
1. exposure to actual/threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence directly or indirectly
2. at least one intrusion symptom (distressing memory, nightmare, flashback, intense distress or physiological reactions to reminders of event
3. avoidance of either memories/thoughts/feelings about the event, or external cues that remind of the event
4. at least 2 negative mood/cognitive changes (difficulty remembering, negative beliefs, distorted thoughts about event's cause/consequences, anhedonia, social detachment
5. at least 2 changes in arousal/reactivity (angry outbursts, destructive/reckless behavior, hypervigilance, startle response, impaired concentration, insomnia)
283
acute stress disorder
symptoms similar to PTSD, except:
1. duration of 3 days to 1 month
2. at least 9 symptoms from any of the 5 categories (intrusion, negative mood, dissociative symptoms, avoidance, arousal)
284
somatic symptom disorder
a.k.a. Briquet's syndrome. One or more somatic symptoms accompanied by excessive thoughts or anxiety about them, or excessive time and energy devoted to them. Usually > 6 months in duration. Highly comorbid with personality disorders (61%), MDD (55%), GAD (34%).
285
Illness anxiety disorder
Worry about having a serious illness when there are no or only mild somatic symptoms; high health anxiety; excessive health-related behaviors or maladaptive avoidance of doctors. Present for at least 6 months.
286
Conversion disorder
neurological-type symptoms (e.g. paralysis, seizures, blindness, loss of pain sensations) incompatible with recognized neurological/medical disorders. Significant distress or impairment.
287
factitious disorder vs malingering
factitious disorder doesn't have an obvious external reward, whereas malingering does (e.g. avoiding work, getting monetary compensation, getting drugs). In both, the faked symptoms can be medical or psychological.
288
bulimia vs anorexia binge-purge subtype
people with bulimia maintain normal or above-normal weight, people with anorexia don't
289
enuresis
peeing yourself at least 2x/week for 3 or more months. Age 5 or older.
290
encopresis
pooping yourself (or inappropriate places) at least 1x/month for 3 or more months. Age 4 or older.
291
non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders
episodes of incomplete awakening accompanied either by sleepwalking and/or sleep terrors (awaking with a scream and intense fear/autonomic arousal). Limited or no recall of the episode after waking up.
292
intermittent explosive disorder
1. recurrent anger outbursts at least 2x/week on average for at least 3 months, OR
2. 3 outbursts in 12 months causing damage/destruction and/or injury
3. out of porportion to provocation
4. not premeditated or intended to achieve something
5. age 6 or older
293
conduct disorder
violation of social norms or others' basic rights in the categories of aggression to people/animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness/theft, and serious rule violation. You can't be given this diagnosis if over 18 and diagnosed with antisocial PD.
294
substance ue disorder
at least two characteristic symptoms in 12 months from these categories:
1. impaired control
2. social impairment
3. risky use
4. pharmacological criteria (tolerance, withdrawal)
295
abstinence violation effect (Marlatt and Gordon)
relapse into substance abuse following abstinence due to negative emotions leading to increased susceptibility to alcohol consumption. Risk of future relapses is reduced if the person thinks of the episode as due to specific, external, controllable factors.
296
ABAB study design
baseline, treatment, baseline (treatment removed/reversed), treatment
297
Multiple baseline study design
includes multiple baselines across settings or subjects. E.g.:
- baseline in setting A, intervention in setting A, baseline in setting B, intervention in setting B
- baseline for group A, treatment for group A, baseline for group B, treatment for group B
298
Reframing (in the context of structural or strategic family therapy)
Defining a problem behavior in a different way (e.g., the daughter who "talks back" is expressing need for love, not anger). The therapist does this to help the family see things differently and comply with treatment.
299
Big Five personality traits associated with antisocial personality disorder
high on neuroticism, low on agreeableness, and low on conscientiousness
300
most likely comorbidity with enuresis
non-REM sleep arousal disorders (i.e. sleep terror disorder or sleepwalking)
301
Three (overlapping) steps of Minuchin's structural family therapy
1. Joining
2. Evaluating/diagnosing
3. Restructuring
302
Techniques used in Evaluating/Diagnosing stage of Minuchin's structural family therapy
constructing a family map; enactment (also used for restructuring)
303
Berry's acculturation model
Describes two distinct dimensions in members of minority groups:
1. retention of minority culture
2. maintenance of majority culture.
"Marginalization" refers to people low on both.
304
If the APA approves an organization to sponsor continuing ed programes, does the APA considered to be endorsing/sanctioning/approving the program?
No. Only the overall sponsorship is APA-approved.
305
Self-referencing (Rogers et al)
A memory technique involving asking yourself whether you've done this thing before, where you were, etc. Results in better recall than semantic referencing or other types of information processing.
306
According to Piaget, does cognitive development depend on biological maturation, environment, and/or social interactions?
Biological maturation and environment.
307
theme interference (Gerald Caplan; in the context of I/O psych)
WHen a worker displaces unresolved personal problems or defeat onto a work situation.
308
Social Identity Theory (Tajfel)
People want to enhance their self-esteem and do so via personal and social identity. Social identity is enhanced by believing your group (the ingroup) is good and belittling the other groups (outgroups). Leads to prejudice/discrimination.
309
Self-perception theory (Daryl Bem)
When there are no clear internal cues, people infer their feelings/beliefs based on observed behavior or external cues (e.g. "I'm crying, so I must be sad.") Consistent with James-Lange theory.
310
Social comparison theory (Leon Festinger)
People assess their own worth by comparing themselves to others. The more similar you are to someone, the more likely to compare yourself to them. More motivated people are likelier to make upward comparisons than downward.
311
Situational control (in the context of Fiedler's Contingency Model)
A leader's control over a work situation. Determined by leader-member relations, task structure, and leader position/power.
312
French and Raven's bases of social power
1. expert power - knowledge of a topic
2. referent power - position of respect
3. legitimate power - administrative authority (i.e. people are required to do what they say)
4. coercive power - ability to punish
5. reward power - ability to reward
313
Feature integration theory (Treisman and Gelade)
Perception of an object occurs through:
1. preattentive stage - automatic processing of the object's features (color, shape, movement, etc)
2. focused attention stage -all the disparate features focused on that point in the "master map" of locations are lumped together into one object
314
acetylcholine
Transmits messages from peripheral nerves to muscles, making the muscles contract.
315
GABA
Most abundant neurotransmitter. Has an inhibitory role, especially in the limbic system (emotions). Low GABA is assocaited with anxiety and Huntington's.
316
norepinephrine
helps regulate arousal, dreaming, moods
317
serotonin
associated with personality, mood, drive states
318
Which three of the Big Five personality traits are most associated with job satisfaction?
From most to least: low neuroticism, high conscientiousness, high extraversion
319
Holland's six personality types
RIASEC:
1. realistic: good with tools/machines, values practical, concrete things.
2. investigative: likes math/science, avoids leading/persuading; precise, intellectual
3. artistic: likes the arts; original, independent
4. social: likes helping people; good at teaching, caring, counseling; friendly, helpful
5. enterprising: likes leading/persuading; values success, leadership; ambitious, sociable
6. conventional: likes structure, numbers, records; orderly, good at following a set plan
320
Marlatt's model of substance dependence
Addicts associate substance use with positive feelings via "overlearning" through numerous cues and reinforcers (ads, happy social occasions, etc). In fact, substance use causes more problems, leading to self-criticism/guilt, leading to more substance use.
321
insight learning (Wolfgang Kohler)
"A-ha" learning due to cognitive restructuring of the environment. In Kohler's classic experiment, he put food outside a chimp's cage and gave the chimp two short sticks. Chimp suddenly figured out it could attach the two sticks to make a long stick and get the food.
322
Solution-focused therapy
Focuses on helping patients become aware of solutions they already have in place. E.g. observing what's working well that they would like to continue. Therapists use future-oriented questions such as the miracle question.
323
Lewinsohn's research on self-evaluations in depression
Depressed people's self-evaluations are more realistic than those of non-depressed people, based on association with observer evaluations.
324
Findings related to the 4-day work week (a.k.a. compressed work week, CWW)
4-day work week is associated with lower absenteeism, higher job satisfaction (particularly among younger and lower-level employees). Productivity is unaffected.
325
ipsative score
score reflecting the relative strength of a measure within an individual. (e.g. the results of a forced-choice measure). Scores can't be compared directly with other people.
326
Donald Meichenbaum's self-instruction technique for ADHD
Involves teaching the child to make appropriate self-statements while performing a desired task.
327
bootstrapping (in the context of language development)
building understanding of one part of language based on understanding of another part. E.g. syntactic bootstrapping = getting word meaning based on sentence structure.
328
Lewinsohn's theory of depression
depression is caused by low rates of response-contingent positive reinforcement, which leads to extinction of social and other behaviors and concurrent depressive somatic symptoms and cognitions
329
What is the relationship between validity coefficient and the range of scores in the predictor(s) and criterion?
The larger the range of scores in the predictor(s) and the criterion, the higher the validity coefficient.
330
glutamate
a neurotransmitter associated with learning and memory
331
standardized measures of adaptive behavior
These include the Adaptive Behavior Scale and the Vineland. Designed to assess competencies (e.g. getting dressed without help, engaging in conversation when addressed, etc) rather than abilities
332
point-biserial correlation
uased when correlating a dichotomous variable with a continuous one
333
biserial correlation
used when correlating an artificial dichotomy (e.g. high vs low scorers) with a continuous variable
334
Spearman's rho (a.k.a. Spearman's rank-order correlation)
the non-parametric version of the Pearson product-moment correlation. Measures the association between two ranked variables.
335
prosopagnosia
Inability to recognize faces. Due to problems with visual processing and memory caused by damage to the bilateral occipitotemporal areas.
336
Damage to which area of the brain causes indifference or apathy?
prefrontal association cortex (in the frontal lobe)
337
reciprocal determinism (Albert Bandura)
Three factors interact with each other and influence behavior: environment, the individual, and the behavior itself. E.g. a child acts out and gets negative attention from teachers, which further influences his behavior.
338
Berne's transactional analysis model
Describes social interactions in terms of positive and negative "strokes" (fundamental units of social interaction) given and received. A person's life plan is called a "script" and describes their pattern of giving/receiving strokes.
339
idiopathic
of unknown cause
340
allopathic
typical Western medicine
341
autoplastic
adapting by altering one's own behavior
342
declarative memory
Includes episodic and semantic memory. Associated with hippocampus, temporal cortex, diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), peripheral cortex.
343
terminal drop
a substantial decrease in all aspects of intelligence within the months before death
344
centration
A term from Piaget. Describes a focus on one situation to the exclusion of others (e.g. lack of understanding of conservation of volume due to focus on shape of containers). Occurs during preoperational phase.
345
Wickline v. California
Patient sued a managed-care organization because it hadn't approved a hospital stay the patient needed. The doctor didn't appeal the decision, so the patient lost the case.
346
coefficient of determination
the square of the correlation coefficient. Represents proportion of variability shared by the two variables.
347
Goal of Gestalt therapy
Increased awareness of the self, the environment, and the self-environment boundary. Integration of thought, feeling, and action.
348
Kuder-Richardson formula
A measure of internal consistency reliability. Used to assess inter-item consistency of dichotomously scored tests (e.g. items are scored as right or wrong)
349
What parenting styles have been associated with teenage offspring's delinquency/antisocial behavior?
Lax supervision, non-enforcement of rules, non-involvement in child's life
350
iconic memory
extremely brief (milliseconds) visual memory of an image just seen
351
What are the ethical requirements for testifying as an expert witness?
You should have specific knowledge of the relevant field. Not required to be considered an expert by both sides or to have any special certification.
352
identity foreclosure
commitment to your own (ethnic) identity without much exploration of what that means. Minority adolescents are more likely than whites to be in this stage.
353
identity achievement
involves a struggle between different potential personal choices that eventually lead to a commitment to a personal choice.
354
identity diffusion
lack of commitment to an identity, whether or not there has been an identity crisis.
355
identity moratorium
ongoing identity crisis with no clear commitment to a personal choice
356
family systems theory (Bowen)
includes concepts of triangles, differentiation of self, multigenerational transmission of problems, emotional cutoff, sibling position, societal emotional process
357
triangulation (in the context of Bowen's family systems therapy)
Reduction of tension between two family members by focusing on a third family member
358
How did Jung conceptualize the unconscious?
As a combination of a personal and a collective unconscious. Collective unconscious contains memories of culture, archetypes, prehuman memories
359
What are the laws about warning potential partners of an HIV-positive person who plans to have unprotected sex without telling the partner about their status?
Variable by state. Some states require warning the partner, others prohibit it.
360
interpersonal therapy (IPT)
Manualized, time-limited treatment for depression based on a biopsychosocial model. Focus is on interpersonal relationships. Conceptualizes depression as stemming from attachment problems in childhood.
361
self-disclosure reciprocity
the tendency for people to be more likely to disclose personal information when someone else has already done so
362
Percentage of people with panic who have agoraphobia
33-50%
363
Short-term memory is associated with which part of the brain?
prefrontal cortex
364
Super's Life-Career Rainbow
Relates 9 major life roles to 5 life stages:
1. growth
2. exploration
3. establishment
4. maintenance
5. disengagement
Said that people will choose career paths that fit their self-concept. Progress through the stages with relation to the person's age is called "vocational maturity."
365
A test's ___ can never be higher than the square root of its ____.
A test's validity coefficient can never be higher than the square root of its reliability coefficient.
366
paradoxical intention
In behavior therapy, the idea that avoidance is more due to anticipatory anxiety than anxiety in the situation itself. Engaging in the behavior helps neutralize the anticipatory anxiety.
367
eta squared
square of the correlation coefficient between a treatment an an outcome. Represents the amount of variability accounted for.
368
Coehen's d
Indexes effect size; a measure of the mean difference between two groups
369
VRIN scale of MMPI
Variable Response Inconsistency Scale. Measures inconsistent responding. High scores invalidate the test.
370
TRIN scale of MMPI
True Response Inconsistency scale. Measures fixed responding (e.g. marking 1st 10 questions true, the next 10 false, etc)
371
During what part of sleep do dreams occur?
both REM and non-REM, but REM dreams are more vivid and more easily remembered after waking
372
sections of the spinal cord and what happens if they get damaged
1. cervical - paralysis of arms, hands, trunk, legs; possible impaired breathing, bowel/bladder control
2. thoracic - paralysis of legs, trunk (upper body is ok)
3. lumbar - some loss of function in hips/legs; may be able to walk with braces
4. sacral - some loss of function in hips/legs; can probably still walk
373
personal fable
A belief among adolescents that the normal rules of the word don't apply to them. E.g. driving fast all the time because the rules of mortality don't apply. A facet of adolescent egocentrism.
374
findings from Perry & Bussey's (1984) study of aggression in children
Found that aggression in children is tied to parental rejection, lack of warmth, and harsh discipline
375
standard error of measurement
indicates how much error an individual score is likely to have with relation to their "true" score. Formula: SE of Measurement = (observed SD)*sqrt(1-r)
376
standard error of the mean
Dispersion of sample means around the population mean.
Formula: SE of Mean = SD/(sqrt n)
377
catecholamine hypothesis of mood disorders
Says depression is associated with decreased norepinephrine (and dopamine).
378
selective abstraction
One of Beck's cognitive distortion. Refers to focusing on a single detail and ignoring the rest.
379
Total Quality Management (TQM)
A business approach focusing on maximizing customer service and satisfaction. Relies on involving employees in all aspects of decision-making.
380
Are tonic-clonic seizures associated with cognitive decline?
Yes, and more so than other kinds of seizures. This is true regardless of whether they are idiopathic or secondary to another disorder.
381
Lewin's field theory
Focuses on the person's "life space" in the present. Past and future are important only in how they affect the present situation.
382
Hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy 1989)
A reformulation of the helplessness theory of depression. Says that hopelessness is a "proximal sufficient cause" of depression.
383
What neurotransmitter has been linked with anorexia and bulimia?
Serotonin. High serotonin is linked to anxiety and appetite suppression. Starvation in anorexia reduces tryptophan, which reduces serotonin and therefor decreases anxiety. In bulimia, low serotonin precipitates binges, carbs/sweets increase serotonin and elevate mood.
384
Hawthorne effect
Participants act differently because they're participating in research
385
Glasser's reality therapy
The development of a "success identity" relies on the ability to fulfill one's own needs for survival, power, belonging, freedom, and fun without harming self or infringing on others' rights.
386
state dependence
memory is best when you're in the same emotional state during learning and recall
387
response cost
A form of negative punishment in which a predetermined reward is taken away each time the person engages in an undesired behavior
388
inductive reasoning
generalizing from a specific fact to a general rule (e.g. A > B and B > C, therefore A > C)
389
deductive reasoning
reasoning from a general law to a particular case (e.g. "All women are people. Henrietta is a woman. Therefore Henrietta is a person."
390
What parenting styles are most highly associated with insecure/avoidant attachment?
overstimulating (smothering) or impatient and non-responsive
391
What parenting style is most highly correlated with disorganized/disoriented attachment?
neglectful or abusive
392
concurrent validity
correlation between the test of interest and a well-validated measure
393
content validity
extent to which a test measures all facets of a given construct
394
most common neuropsych problem in AIDS
dementia
395
correction for attentuation
estimate of the correlation between two items if one or both could be measured without error
396
assessment center
a method of employee selection that uses performance-based assessment (e.g. giving a practice presentation or simulated meeting). Also use more traditional questionnaires.
397
psychoanalytic explanation of anxiety
a failure of the defenses to appropriately modulate excitation
398
psychoanalytic explanation of a symptom
a maladaptive response that occurs as a compromise between an unconscious impulse and the resulting defense process
399
order of mean, median, and mode in left- (negative) vs right (positive)-skewed curves
left/negative: mean, median, mode
| right/positive: mode, median, mean
400
reinforced practice
a CBT method for treating specific phobias. Patient is rewarded for increasingly long in vivo exposures to a feared stimulus.
401
quasi-experiment
similar to a real experiment, but there is no random assignment to groups (e.g. parents who do vs don't spank their kids)
402
in-basket test
used in assessment centers. A test given to people up for promotion (e.g. to a managerial position), where they have to organize and respond to a set of tasks according to priority (phone calls, mail, etc)
403
The largest proportion of variance in therapy outcomes is due to what?
Client factors, e.g. motivation to change
404
attachment styles from strange situation task
Type A. Insecure avoidant (15%) - not distressed when mom leaves, ok w/stranger, little interest when mom returns, mom and stranger can comfort baby equally well
Type B. Secure (70%)- upset when mom leaves, avoidant of stranger when alone but friendly with mom present, happy when mom returns
Type C. Insecure ambivalent/resistant (15%) - distressed when mom leaves, fears stranger, approaches mom but resists contact when she returns, cries a lot
(4th type). Disorganized
405
double-bind message
A communication with two conflicting messages, where one negates the other (e.g. friend says "I hope you can join us" but body language clearly says otherwise)
406
job enrichment (Herzberg)
adding more challenge, recognition/achievement, less repetitive work to an employee's job. Adds more responsibilities and authority.
407
job enlargement (Herzberg)
increasing the number of tasks in an employee's job. Doesn't provide more responsibilities/authority
408
Irvin Yalom's existential group therapy
refers to four "givens" of the human condition: isolation, meaninglessness, mortality, freedom. Focuses on group cohesiveness (the equivalent of alliance in individual therapy) as the most important part of therapy.
409
irreversibility (in Piaget's model)
in preoperational thought, a cognitive inability to imagine how things can be undone (e.g. an egg yolk going back into its shell). Reversibility develops in the concrete operational stage.
410
comparable worth
dissimilar jobs that are of equal worth to the organization should be paid the same
411
procedural justice
fairness in conflict resolution and allocation of resources
412
sensitivity
true positive rate of a test. Formula: sensitivity = true positives/(true positives + false negatives)
413
specificity
true negative rate of a test. Formula: specificity = true negatives/(true negatives + false positives)
414
Problems in kids of divorced parents
Misbehavior, aggression, delinquency, lower academic achievement, emotional functioning, low self-esteem, interpersonal problems. Worst in the first year after the divorce.
415
Age differences in effects of divorce
Short-term effects worse in preschoolers than older kids; long-term effects worse for older children
416
sleeper effect
when girls don't initially show negative reaction to divorce, but problems emerge in adolescence
417
gender differences in effects of divorce
Results are mixed, but it seems that boys do worse initially but gender differences are less apparent by adolescence (due to sleeper effect)
418
Skinner's view on the effectiveness of punishment
Punished behavior reappears after the punishment is withdrawn
419
systemic family therapy (Milan model, Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead)
Addresses patterns directly rather than trying to figure out the cause. Focuses on "rules of the game" that family members use to control each other. Uses positive connotations to reframe the problem. Uses questions framed using a constructivist approach.
420
constructivist approach (Tomm)
Used in systemic family therapy. Includes several types of reflexive questions:
- distinction clarifying
- embedded suggestion
- normative comparison
- process interruption
- future-oriented questions
- observer-perspective questions
421
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) mechanism
Improves catecholamine action in brain by blocking reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine
422
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
a.k.a. mad cow disease. A degenerative brain disease in older adults (age 60+). Starts with memory problems, behavior changes, lack of coordination, visual disturbances. Mental function deteriorates and person develops involuntary movements, blindness, weak limbs, coma.
423
"protective triad" for at-risk kids
Strengths of:
- the child
- the family
- the school/community
424
Attribution theory (Bernard Weiner)
- most important factors affecting attributions: ability, effort, task difficulty, luck
- three aspects of attributions:
1. locus of control
2. stability
3. controllability
425
consequence of failure to cooperate with an ethics investigation
investigation and proceedings continue anyway, and the psychologist can be expelled from the APA
426
Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model (a.k.a. multi-store model, modal model)
Memory has 3 components:
1. sensory register - sensory info enters memory
2. short-term store - a.k.a. working/short-term memory that holds input from sensory register and long-term store. Lasts 18-20 s w/o rehearsal. Accounts for recency effects.
3. Long-term store - info rehearsed in short-term store is held indefinitely. Accounts for primacy effects.
427
Krumboltz's Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Making
Four factors that influence career decision-making:
1. genetic endowments
2. environment
3. instrumental/associative learning experiences
4. task approach skills
Four ways in which these factors influence career decision-making:
1. self-observation generalizations
2. worldview generalizations
3. Task approach skills
4. Actions
428
Lewis and Brooks-Gunn's self-awareness experiments
Put red dot on kid's nose and held kid up to mirror. Most kids reach for their own nose (rather than reflection) by age 2, indicating self-awareness. Info is understood through contingency cues (When I move, the mirror image does too) and featural cues (the mirror image looks like me)
429
Rational Emotive Therapy (a.k.a. Ellis's rational emotive behavior therapy, REBT)
Main focus is on helping pts change irrational beliefs (and emotions and behaviors).
