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2130 > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

1
Q

List 5 Tropic Levels of Soil Food Web

A

1st: Photosynthesizers
2nd: Decomposers, parasites
3rd: Shredders, predators
4th/5th: Higher level predictors

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2
Q

Extensive vs. Intensive

A

Extensive: (agrarian) agricultural tactics that respect natural thresholds of nature vs.
Intensive: Systems requiring significant capital and labour to produced intensified yields (Industrial Phil)

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3
Q

Activities for improved soil management.

A

Conservation tillage and cover cropping

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4
Q

Activities for improved water management.

A

Riprarian buffers

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5
Q

Activities for improved nutrient management

A

Precision agriculture - using satellites to determine nitrogen uptake

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6
Q

What is Integrative Pest Management (IPM)?

A

eco-system based strategy focusing on long-term prevention through techniques of biological control or habitat manipulation

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7
Q

Examples of Integrative Systems in Agriculture

A

Agroforestry - couple forestry with agriculture

Permaculture - e.g. Spain fish farm

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8
Q

What does CRAAP stand for?

A

Currency, Relevance, Authority, Acuracy

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9
Q

Recent trends in Organic Agriculture

A

Organic farms in canada increased significantly

Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan

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10
Q

Barriers of health and environment - is organic more sustainable?

A

Health - not proven to have better nutrient content, but shows to have less chemical redisude
Environment - both conventional and organic can demonstrate same management practices

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11
Q

Given and example when units are useful for determining sustainability.

A

When determining benefits of organic products by comparing to traditional
If yields are the same, its fine, if not should base off of GHG emissions per tonne of wheat instead

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12
Q

Explain dilemma of Land sharing vs. Land sparing

A

Land sharing = extensive agriculture system that strives to create health systems but can have lower yields
Land sparing = intensive management of land for max yields so that spare land can be better managed

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13
Q

How can you determine which is better between land sparing or sharing?

A

Butterfly theory

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14
Q

Explain the controversy of GMOs

A

Beneficial as they can increase yields or help plants resistance to harsh conditions (important with climate change) vs. arguing they have impacts of health safety

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15
Q

What is Canada’s number one agri-food export?

A

Canola

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16
Q

In the agri-food industry, what are the Primary/Secondary and Tertiary Sectors

A

Primary: Agriculture and forestry
Secondary: Food related manufacturing
Third: Food related services

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17
Q

What percentage of land on earth is arable

A

11%

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18
Q

What percent of canadas land is arable? Why?

A

7% - tough climate and topography

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19
Q

What is the CLI and the associated classes?

A 
Canada Land Inventory
1 - no limitations
1-3 - prime
4-6 - severe limitations
7 no potential for arability
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20
Q

Give examples of Subclasses of CLI

A

P - Stoniness

T - Topography

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21
Q

What percentage of Canada’s urbanized land is located on depedenable ag land?

A

50%

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22
Q

What percentage of food of Canadians waste

A

30%

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23
Q

What is the biggest culprit for food waste

A

consumer

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24
Q

What are the 3 steps to FIELD CROP PROCUCTION?

A
  1. Seedbed preparation (tillage)
  2. Seeding
  3. Manage growth (nutrient, water, pest management)
  4. Harvest
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25
Q

What are the benefits of conventional tillage?

A

Soil aeration, nutrient mixing

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26
Q

What are the benefits of conservation tillage?

A

Reduced GHG, reduced soil erosion

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27
Q

What are the disadvantages of conventional tillage?

A

soil erosion, GHG emissions

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28
Q

What are the disadvantages of conservation tillage?

A

Specialized equipment, soil moisture

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29
Q

what are the three elements contained most in fertilizers?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

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30
Q

Soil nutrients

Macro and Mirco examples

A 
Macro = Nitrogen/Potassium
Miro = Iron, Colbalt
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31
Q

What happens when there is too much nitrogen in soils

A

Toxicity - eutrophication causing algal blooms and resulting is dead zones

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32
Q

Which chemical is most easily leached from soils?

A

Nitrogen

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33
Q

What is biological nitrogen fixing

A

process by which organisms fix nitrogen from atmosphere into soils

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34
Q

What systems can fix nitrogen from atmosphere? (NNC)

A

Nodule-forming (plants) - nodes at roots of plants
Non-Nodule forming (plants) bacteria
Cyanobacteria (non-symbiotic) floats in water

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35
Q

Stages of nitrogen reactions.

A
  1. Atmospheric nitrogen
  2. fIZED BY NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA OR NODULES
  3. Fixed into ammonium
  4. Ammonium converted into nitrate through NITROFICATIONS
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36
Q

What does the process of nitrofication do?

A

converts ammonium into nitrate

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37
Q

How is nitrogen obtained

A

through the Haber-bosch process

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38
Q

Pros and cons of soil drainage

A

pros: workable lands, reduced fungal diseases, dressed GHG emissions
cons: loss of wildlife habitat
leaching of N

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39
Q

How can you control inadequate water in soils?

A

weeding, fallow periods, veg mulches.

40
Q

What is the growth process for cows

A 
calves spring-fall with mothers
vaccinated, castrated
weaned in fall and sold to feedlot 
Feelot given bulking diet 
end weight 1250pds
41
Q

What is the controversy with milking cows?

A

require 115L water/day EXCESSIVE

42
Q

What is the controversy of egg laying effs

A

Disposal of male chick

43
Q

Free run

A

ability to move freely in barn

44
Q

free range

A

access to outdoors

F

45
Q

Forage

A

Plants consumed by livestock such as hay, silage, etc.

46
Q

Silage

A

Green forest crops that have been harvested and chopped up and air sealed allowing fermentation (WHITE MARSHMELLOWS)

47
Q

Pelagic

A

Open sea fish such as ocean perch

48
Q

Anadromous

A

Migrate from sea into fresh water to spawn, such as salmon

49
Q

What is a net pen

A

Pen located in open waters but still securing fish populations

50
Q

what is culture based-fisheries

A

Releasing young fish into wild to grow and then recatching

51
Q

Why does agricultural diversity matter?

A

When species is lost, its genetic information is lost too losing its potential to help us manage climate risks, or improve health and neutron

52
Q

when is land considered degraded?

A

When productivity is diminished OR when yields are same but require more inputs

53
Q

How many hectares/year are we currently losing?

A

9 million

54
Q

What is geological erosion

A

natural levelling or smoothing of earths surface - new soil replenishing at rate equal to soils depleting

55
Q

Effects of accelerated erosion

A

loss of topsoils, washing of seed or burial of smaller plants as well as sediment leaching to waters

56
Q

What three factors influence amount of soil lost from water erosion?

A
  1. soil intrigty
  2. precipitation
  3. land slope
57
Q

What practices can help sustain soils?

A

Riprarian buffers
conservation tillage
cover crops and mulch

58
Q

What are common measures taken to control wind erosion

A

Barriers, soil moisture control (moist soils have less movement)

59
Q

What percentage of water is agriculture responsible for withdrawing

A

70%

60
Q

Why is Canadians water consumption lower than other countries averages

A

our climate is less arid

61
Q

Explain nutrient loading

A

Occurs from contaminated run off making its way into water ways - nitrogen or pathogens

62
Q

What is persistent pesticides

A

Pesticides that don’t degrade easily and can evaporate and transfer through atmosphere

63
Q

What os the grand hopper effect

A

substances moving through series of hops

64
Q

What is the ideal pesticide

A

selective, non-persistent, non-mobile

65
Q

what drink consumes the most water

A

wine

66
Q

what animal product consumes most water

A

milking cow

67
Q

what are the three pillars of sustainability

A

Economy, Society, environmnet

68
Q

SAFA’s 4 dimensions of sustainability

A
  1. Good governance
  2. Environmental Integrity
  3. Social wellbring
  4. Economic resilience
69
Q

what are the 6 themes of Environmental integrity, provide examples of possible sub themes

A 
Atmosphere
Water
Land
Materials and Energy
Biodiversity
Animal welfare
70
Q

how can we mitigate GHG

A

reduced/zero tillage
use of less intensive GHG transports
thermal screens for Greenhouses

71
Q

Define Agrarian philosophy

A

Agriculture with the function of providing feed but also seeking to protect environment

72
Q

Industrial Philosophy

A

agriculture priotizing lowest costs but higher tyields

73
Q

Extensive

A

Yields depending on the natural ability of the soils

74
Q

Intensive

A

Systems requiring large amounts of labour and capital

75
Q

jules petty and sustainability

A

Middle ground between intensive and extensive methods

76
Q

What are examples of integrated systems?

A

Agroforestry

Permaculture: design process based on principles mimicking patterns that are naturally found in nature

77
Q

What is roundup ready

A

GMO that aims to resist herbicide roundup - can actually be useful for no-til soils as it helps farmers kill weeds that are left

78
Q

What is the Neolithic Revolatuon

A

10,000 to 12,000 ya
Movement from hunter-gatherer to agriculture
seeking ti cultivate and domesticate

79
Q

Define CULTIVATION

A

The managing of wild populations of plants

80
Q

Define domestication

A

human modifications to plants/animals to alter their wild counterparts

81
Q

What does OMAF stand for

A

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, food and rural affairs

82
Q

define flexitarianism

A

semi-vegetarian diet

83
Q

What are the arguments in favour of meat consumption

A

animals contribute to an integrated farm, potential to turn food waste into protein, and ability of grasslands to produce human foods

84
Q

Which country dominates the global fisheries production

A

china

85
Q

What % of fish stocks are being fished at unsustainable levels

A

30%

86
Q

What is the turtle excluder device

A

device used to decrease amount of by catch in fishing industry

87
Q

What fishing methods is damaging for seafloor

A

bottom trawl

88
Q

What fishing methods is asscociated with high levels of bycatch

A

long line

89
Q

What is off-bottom culture used for

A

aquaculture methods for production of shellfish

90
Q

Mangrove forest destruction is associated with

A

farming of shrimp

91
Q

What is considered the first step to decreasing food waste

A

better food storage systems

92
Q

In Europe feeding food waste to pigs is illegal

A

true

93
Q

Who started the initiative Incredible Edible that is focused on growing food locally by planting on unused lands

A

Pam Warhurst

94
Q

Who start campaign feeing 5000

A

Stuart

95
Q

What is soil organic matter?

A

Organic matter of soils that contain plant and animal residues.

96
Q

What is SOM do for healthy soils

A

Reduces soil compaction, increases water infiltration for soils and acts as a reservoir for nutrients

2130 (2 decks)

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