General Flashcards
What is size of the PNVS and TADS FOV?
30 - 40 degrees
What is the PNVS azimuth and elevation limits?
+20 up, -45 down, 90 left and right of centerline
what is the TADS azimuth and elevation limits?
+30 up, -60 down, 120 left and right of the center line
What is considered to be NVD/S current?
To be considered NVD current, every 60 consecutive days an aviator must take part in at least a one-hour flight in the aircraft while operating an NVD..
What happens if a pilot fails to maintain NVS/NVD currency?
A crewmember whose currency has lapsed must complete a proficiency flight evaluation given in the aircraft by an IP/SP
What is the difference between a NVD and NVS?
NVS is a part of the aircraft
NVD is a separate system from the aircraft
Can I reset NVS currency in the LCT?
yes but I can only do it once every 120 days
What are the Monocular Cues?
GRAM Geometric Perspective Retinal Image Size Aerial Perspective Motion Parallax
Define Geometric Perspective
An object appears to have a different shape when it is viewed at varying distances and from different angles.
Define Retinal Image Size
An image focused on the retina is perceived by the brain to be of a given size.
Define Aerial Perspective
An object’s clarity and its shadow are perceived by the brain and cues for estimating distance
Define Motion Parallax
Motion parallax refers to the apparent relative motion of stationary objects as viewed by an observer moving across the landscape.
How do you use Geometric Perspective (LAV)?
Linear Perspective
Apparent Foreshortening
Vertical Position in the Field
How do you use Retinal Image Size( KITO)?
Known size of objects
Increasing/Decreasing Size
Terrestrial Association
Overlapping Contours
how do you use Aerial Perspective (FLP)?
Fading of Colors or Shades
Loss of Detail
Position of Light Source
What are the Visual Illusions?
Flicker Vertigo False Horizon Fascination/Fixation Reversible Perspective Altered Planes of Reference Structural Illusion Height/Depth Confusion w/ Ground Lights Size/Distance Autokensis Relative Motion
What is Flicker Vertigo?
Flicker vertigo is created by helicopter rotor blades or airplane propellers interrupting direct sunlight at a rate of 4 to 20 cycles per second
What is a False Horizon ?
Pilot confuses cloud formations with the horizon or ground
What is Fascination/Fixation ?
Either focused inside the cockpit (task saturation) or focused outside (target fixation) Crater Illusion - Crewmembers land at night under night vision device (NVD) conditions and the infrared searchlight is directed too far under the aircraft’s nose. Appears to land in crater.
What is Reversible Perspective ?
Crewmember perceives another aircraft to be moving away as it is actually approaching.
what is Altered Planes of Reference ?
Pilot approaching a line of mountains might feel the need to climb even though the aircraft’s altitude is adequate.
what is a Structural Illusion ?
caused by the effects of rain, snow, sleet, heat waves, or other visual obscurants
What is a Height/Depth illusion?
Flying over areas such as desert, snow, or water deprives crewmembers their perception of height. Confusion w/ Ground Lights - Occurs when a pilot mistakes ground lights for celestial lights
what is a Size/Distance illusion?
Crewmember misinterprets an unfamiliar object’s size to be the same as an object they are accustomed to viewing
What is Autokensis?
Pilot flying at night might perceive a relatively stable lead aircraft to be moving erratically when its not
What is Relative Motion ?
Relative motion is falsely perceived self-motion in relation to another object’s motion
Define Spatial Disorientation
Inability to determine his position, attitude, motion relative to the Earth’s surface
How many types of Spatial Disorientation are there?
Type 1 ( Unrecognized)(most dangerous) Type 2 (Recognized) Type 3 (Incapacitating)
Describe Type 1 spatial D?
Type I (Unrecognized) – Aviator doesn’t think anything is wrong. (Most Dangerous) Type
Describe Type 2 Spatial D?
Type 2 (Recognized) – Knows there is a problem but doesn’t know its Spatial D.
Describe Type 3 Spatial D?
Type 3 (Incapacitating) – Overwhelming sensation of movement and can’t correct through visual cues/instruments.
What is involve with Equilibrium Maintenance ?
Proprioceptive System (seat of your pants) Vestibular System( Otolith/Semicircular canals) Visual( 80% of equilibrium)
What are the two Vestibular Illusions ?
Somatogyral
Somatogravic
Describe a Somatogyral illusion?
occur when angular acceleration and deceleration stimulates the semicircular canals
What are the three Somatogyral Illusions?
Leans
Graveyard Spin
Coriolis Illusion
Describe “the Leans”..
pilot fails to perceive angular motion.
Describe the “Graveyard Spin”…
if a pilot enters a spin and remains in it for several seconds, the semicircular canals will reach equilibrium and no motion will be perceive
Describe the Coriolis Illusion?
Coriolis illusions are the most dangerous of all vestibular illusions and cause overwhelming disorientation.
