General

Question 1

Diuretics are useful in which diseases

Answer 1

Edema (peripheral, cerebral, pulmonary).
Cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, diabetes insipidus.
Epilepsy, glaucoma, high-altitude sickness.
Hyperaldosteronism, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia.
Hypertension.
Nephrolithiasis, nephrotic syndrome, renal impairment.

Question 2

Digitalis glycosides and cardiac stimulators - effect on kidneys

Answer 2

Indirect diuresis by increased CO, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.

Question 3

Proximal tubule - what is reabsorbed

Answer 3

All glucose, amino acids, and organic solutes.
85% of NaHCO3.
40% of NaCl.
Uric acid, drugs (penicillins)

Question 4

Group of drugs that act on proximal tubule

Answer 4

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors.

Question 5

Loop of Henle - what is reabsorbed

Answer 5

35 % of NaCl.

Mg, Ca, H2O

Question 6

Which group of drugs act on loop of Henle, and where

Answer 6

Loop diuretics - the ascending limb.

Question 7

Group of diuretics with the greatest diuretic action

Answer 7

Loop diuretics

Question 8

Distal tubule - what is excreted

Answer 8

5-10% of NaCl

Question 9

Group of drugs that act on the distal tubule

Answer 9

Thiazides and related drugs.

Question 10

Collecting duct - what is excreted?

Answer 10

3% of NaCl (coupled with K and H excretion).

H20

Question 11

Which group of drugs act on collecting tubules?

Answer 11

Potassium-sparing diuretics.