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Mental Health Disorder > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

0
Q

What is the prevalence of bipolar?

A

0.4-1.6% lifetime prevalence rate

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1
Q

What are the two types of depression and mania bipolar?

A

Mania (bipolar I) abnormal

Hypomania (bipolar II) normal

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2
Q

What is the neurochemistry of bipolar?

A

Increased levels of norepinephrine during mania but low during depression

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3
Q

What Is the most effective treatment?

A

Lithium carbonate

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4
Q

What are susceptibility genes?

A

DTNBP1
NGR1
COMT

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5
Q

What are neuroanatomical changes in schizophrenia?

A

Enlarged ventricles and decrease in grey matter

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6
Q

What are common themes on Mental disorders?

A

Individual vulnerability
Dimensional vs. categorical
And: biological, cognitive, emotional, behavioural and social aspects

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7
Q

What is psychoanalytic approach

A

Unconscious processes determine behaviour

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8
Q

What is a defensive mechanism?

A

A tactic developed by the ego to protect against anxiety

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9
Q

What is the ego?

A

Mediates demands of Id, superego and reality

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10
Q

What is Id?

A

Personality component of personality that satisfies basic urges

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11
Q

What is Superego?

A

Personality component of internalised ideals acquired from parents and society to suppress urges of Id

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12
Q

What is stress?

A

The wear and tear of everyday life

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13
Q

What are the three stages of chronic stress?

A

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

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14
Q

What is the physiology of stress?

A

Fight or flight, HPA releases cortisol which can lead to immunosuppression

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15
Q

How can stress be measured?

A

Holmes & Rahe (SRRS)

Tenner & Macklin (College Life Inventory)

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16
Q

What are examples of risk factors?

A

External locus of control
Competitiveness
Neuroticism

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17
Q

What are examples of protective factors?

A

Conscientiousness
Internal locus of control
Agreeableness

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18
Q

What are the four categories or PTSD symptoms?

A

Intrusive
Avoidance
Negative changes in cognition & mood
Increased arousal & reactivity

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19
Q

What is mental defeat?

A

Individual vulnerability is increased in those who see themselves as a victim, causing loss of individual autonomy

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20
Q

What are verbally accessible memories?

A

Memories can be deliberately retrieved, consciously professed at the time or trauma

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21
Q

What are situationally accessible memories?

A

Difficult to explain and triggered involuntarily by sights, sounds and touch

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22
Q

What is anxiety?

A

Ubiquitous, functional and normal emotional state that everyone experiences

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23
Q

What are some symptoms of GAD?

A

Over awareness of autonomic activity, fearful anticipation

24
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

Recurrent experiences of short sudden ‘inexplicable’ and overwhelming apprehension can be ‘cued’ or ‘uncued’

25
Q

What is a social phobia?

A

Fear of situations which could cause embarrassment

26
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Fear of experiencing panic in public places

27
Q

What is the biomedical model explanation of anxiety disorders?

A

Reduced GABA produces anxiety

28
Q

What is the behavioural view of anxiety?

A

Anxiety is learned and conditioned from classical conditioning, operant conditioning and modelling and language processes

29
Q

What is the cognitive behavioural model?

A

Problem behaviour and emotions are caused by problem thinking

30
Q

What is public stigma?

A

Prejudice and discrimination in the general population measured by social distance scales

31
Q

What is self stigma?

A

Harm of during as a result of internalisation of prejudice measures by social withdrawal

32
Q

What effects stigma?

A

Causal belief model
Familiarity
Socioeconomic status
Culture

33
Q

What is DSM-III?

A

A criteria based diagnostic system, which is atheorerical and multi axial

34
Q

What is a common criticism of DSM-III?

A

Limited scientific evidence

35
Q

How was reliability and construct validity measured in DSM-IV-TR?

A

Through systematic reviews and primary clinical research on new diagnostic measures

36
Q

DSM-IV-TR lead to major changes in what disorder?

A

Autism
ADHD
Adult bipolar
Paraphilia’s

37
Q

What are some of the criticisms of DSM5?

A

Labelling patients
Loss of information
Validity of constructs

38
Q

What are the main positive changes of the DSM5?

A

Axial coding eliminated
Mental retardation renamed
Autistic disorder replaced
Schizophrenia subtypes eliminated

39
Q

What are examples of new diagnostic categories?

A

Binge eating disorders
OCD isolated
Hoarding disorder
Excoriation disorder

40
Q

What is mental health?

A

A state of wellbeing in which every individual realises his or her own potential can cope with the normal stresses of life

41
Q

What is the psychometric approach?

A

Psychological measurements are taken when they deviate from the norm

42
Q

What is the difference approach?

A

Behaviour that is out of character for an individual

43
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

Classification of deviance depends on the social group and culture you are in

44
Q

What is mental health disorder?

A

Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

45
Q

What are 4 historical perceptions of mental disorder?

A

The supernatural perspective
The biological perspective
The psychological perspective
The integrative approach

46
Q

What century was the supernatural perspective?

A

13th/14th Century

47
Q

When did astrology as a cause of MHD emerge?

A

16th century effect of moon and stars in physiological functioning

48
Q

Who was Hippocrates?

A

Father or modern medicine - psychological disorders can be treated like physical disorders

49
Q

When www the beginning of classification?

A

Emil Kraeplin German psychiatrist who made records of patients symptoms in the asylum

50
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

A

Oral anal phallic latency genital

51
Q

What is the integrative approach?

A

Biological
Psychological
Social aspects to MHD

52
Q

What is a diagnosis?

A

Identifying a disorder by means of its signs and symptoms

53
Q

How do we diagnose?

A

Using a clinical interview to assess symptoms

54
Q

Who developed the concept of psychiatric syndromes?

A

Emil Kraeplin

55
Q

Who indicated the antipsychiatry movement?

A

RD Laing

56
Q

High comorbidity means what?

A

It is the norm rather than exception (over diagnosis)

57
Q

What is a Type 1 error?

A

Rejecting null hypothesis when true (False positive). Crying wolf when no wolf is present

58
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

Rejecting alternative hypothesis when true. (False negative) doing nothing when wolf is present

Mental Health Disorder (1 decks)

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