general

Question 1

furosemide is contraindicated in a person with…

Answer 1

any urinary obstruction because it makes you have to pee and it would be difficult to do so with an obstruction

Question 2

IgA nephritis presents how?

Answer 2

asymptomatic hematuria with upper respiratory tract infection or GI infection

also has trace proteinuria and can have GI manifestations as well

Question 3

acute interstitial nephritis

Answer 3

rapidly developing immune mediated tubulointerstitial injury from medications, infection, or other causes. NSAIDs

fevers, rash, joint pain

Question 4

lupus nephritis presentation

Answer 4

can present with hematuria, but also +ANA and low C3 and C4

Question 5

post streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Answer 5

hematuria presents 1-2 weeks after respiratory infection + proteinuria. low C3 and C4

treatment is supportive (control BP and fluid volume). resolves on its own.

Question 6

diagnostic tools for bladder cancer

Answer 6

cystoscopy, bladder biopsy, IV pyelogram

Question 7

diagnostic tools for renal/uretal stones

Answer 7

IV pyelogram

Question 8

to look for renal cell carcinoma

Answer 8

CT scan

Question 9

RTA type 1

associated with?

Answer 9

associated with SLE (nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis) or other autoimmune disorders, liver cirrhosis, sickle cell, lithium use, amphotericin B

Question 10

what does RTA type 1 look like electrolytes wise?

Answer 10

non anion gap acidosis, low plasma bicarbonate, high urine pH, low serum H+, decreased K, nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis

Question 11

MOA of stones in RTA type 1

Answer 11

MOA decreased kidney capacity for hydrogen ion secretion in the collecting tubules

Question 12

treatment for RTA type 1

Answer 12

oral bicarbonate

Question 13

what does RTA type 2 look like?

Answer 13

high urine pH with low urine output, decreased K, osteomalacia and rickets

Question 14

MOA of RTA type 2

Answer 14

no proximal tubular bicarbonate absorption

Question 15

treatment for RTA type 2

Answer 15

volume restriction first, then high dose bicarbonate and/or thiazide

Question 16

MOA of RTA type 4

Answer 16

Adrenal/Aldosterone deficiency

Question 17

what does RTA type 4 look like?

Answer 17

Na excretion with K-H retention, hyperkalemia,

Question 18

treatment for RTA type 4

Answer 18

Fludrocortisone

Question 19

side effects of furosemide (loops)

Answer 19

metabollic alkalosis (with excessive use)

Question 20

how do you correct furosemide overdose?

Answer 20

acetazolamide to force the kidneys to excrete bicarb thus reacidifying the blood.

Question 21

how do you treat rhabdomyalisis?

Answer 21

saline hydration, mannitol, bicarbonate, and an EKG to rule out life threatening hyperkalemia

Question 22

signs and symptoms of uremia

Answer 22

anorexia, nausea, vomiting, uremic pericarditis, “uremic frost”, delirium, seizure, coma

Question 23

nephritic syndrome PHAROH

Answer 23

proteinuria (<1.5 g/day), hematuria, azotemia, RBC casts, oliguria, HTN

Question 24

TYPEs of nephritic syndrome

Answer 24

post strep glomerular nephritis, IgA nephropathy, Wegeners, Good Pastures, Alports, Lupus nephritis.

Question 25

Types of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 25

Minimal Change disease, membranous, membranoproliferative, focal segmental, Amyloidois, Diabetic nephropathy, Lupus nephritis.

Question 26

renal colic caused by renal stones first step in management is?

Answer 26

NSAIDs and fluids!

Not abdominal ultrasound

Question 27

how do you treat a pt with pyelonephritis?

Answer 27

outpatient with oral cipro

if they seem septic (shaking chills, fevers, hi leukocytes), treat inpatient with IV gentamicin, IV ceftriaxone, or IV ampicillin, or IV fluroquinolone. Once better, switch to outpt treatment for 14 days.

Question 28

microhematuria following minor trauma in a child is suggestive of…?

the first step of workup is..?

Answer 28

congenital anomaly of the genitourinary system

sonogram