Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MOD Definitions > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

0
Q

Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deprivation which means the cell cannot form aerobic respiration is often due to ischmea. Four types
Hypoxaemic, anaemic hypoxia, ischemic hypoxia, histocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Ischemia

A

Loss of blood supply to reduced arterial supply or reduced venous drainage. Symptoms for serve than hypoxia since loss of metabolites not just oxygen and so they also develop more quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hypoxaemic hypoxia

A

Arterial content of the oxygen is low due to lung disease or altitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anaemic hypoxia

A

Arterial content of the oxygen is low due to anemia or carbon monoxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ischeamic hypoxia

A

Inrruption to blood supply due to blockage of a vessel or heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Histocytic hypoxia

A

Failure of the production of the oxidative enzymes needed in metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nuclear pyknosis

A

Shrinkage of the nucleus because of condensation of chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nuclear karyolysis

A

Dissolution of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nuclear karyorrhesis

A

Fragmentation of the nucleus into bits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Necrosis

A

Changes that occur after cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oncosis

A

Cell death with swelling due to ischemia the changes that occur in injured cells right before death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acute inflammation

A

The innate, immediate and early response of living tissue to injury it is is no specific. Can be from a variety of causes microbal infection. Viruses, tissue necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Tissue’s response to injury with associated fibrosis. It is specific response different for different tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are giant cells and what are the three types?

A

Multinucleated made by the fusion of macrophages via fustrated phagocytosis. Inside is a collection of cells trying to be phagocytoses. Langhans horse shoe shaped with TB, foreign body type, touton foam cytoplasm around the outside places of fat necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a granuloma

A

Localised aggregation of epithelial histocytes +\~ lymphocytes, giant cells, caseous necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the four conditions in which granulomas are seen?

A

Mycobacteria
Syphilis
Sarcordosis
Crohns disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintance of a constant internal environment within set limits. It can be described as dynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the lines of zahn. What are the lighter and darker bits correspond to?

A

Lighter- platelets dark- RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does a thrombus look like in the arterial and venous look like.

A

In the arterial system there are more cells it is more granular and more pale due to the increased number of platelets. Venous soft gelatinous there are more cells but more RBC rather than platelets therefore it more of a deep red colour than pale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What other than artheroma can effect the vessel wall?

A

Direct injury, inflammation, hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 5 outcomes of thrombosis

A 
Lysis
Propogation 
Organisation 
Recannulation 
Thrombo-embolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does thrombomodulin work?

A

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin which binds to thrombomodulin which in the endothelium this iniates protein C which stops the activation of some clotting factos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 5 effects of chronic inflammation?

A 
Fibrosis 
Increase function
Atrophy
Simulation of immune response
Impaired function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the definition of thrombosis

A

Formation of solid mass of blood within the circulatory system in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Artheroma

A

The accumulation of inta and extra cellular lipid in the tunica intima and media of large and medium sized arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Atherio-sclerosis

A

The thickening and harding of arterial walls as a consequence of atheroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Aterio-sclerosis

A

The thickening and hardipening of arterial walls not as a consequence of atheroma, instead by things like hypertension/ diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the microscopic features of a arthromatus plague

A

Smooth muscle proliferation
Foam cells
Extracellular lipid in the wall
Then later a fibrous cap, area of necrosis, plague fissering, cholestrol clefts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the macroscopic features of arthroma

A

Fatty streak- lipid in tunica intima, yellow
Simple plague- small necrotic core, thick fibrous cap, raised, irregular stable angina
Complex plague- large necrotic core, thin fibrous cap which is subject to fissuring and rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is mallory hylaine?

A

Pink blobs seen in the cytoplasm of the cell due to increased keratin often seen in hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Give an example of an exogenous and endogenous pigaments

A

Exo- melain. Tatooing,coals
Endo- lipofuscin (ageing cells) evidence of oxidative stress
Bilibruin and haemosterin (iron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is wallerian degeneration?

A

There has been a cut to a nerve, as long as the cells body isnt injured the proximal part will sprout axons to the distal degenerating part. Stimulated by growth factors secreted by schawann cells. Advancement 1mm/day gap can be too large. Slower in the CNS than the PNS due to presence of oligodentricites

32
Q

What are the stages to fracture repair?

A 
Haemotomms from ruptured vessels
Granulation tissue macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, necrotic tissue and angiogenesis
Soft callus
Hard callus 
Remodelling
33
Q

What is regeneration?

A

The replacement of damaged / dead cells by functionally differentiated cells derived from stem cells. The size of the organ or tissue is maintained

34
Q

Define liable, stem and permanent stem cells and give examples of each

A

Libale - them cells are continuely differentiating. E.g surface epithelium (found in basal lamina),bone marrow, lymph node cells
Stable- stem cells have a slower rate of proliferation are in G0 and suitable conditions and the expression of a lot of genes can cause movement from G0 to G1. E.g. Hepatocytes, osteoclasts/blasts, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells
Permanent- left the cycle are constantly in G0. Stem cells are present but they cannot mount a big enough response

35
Q

What is the definition of fibrosis and what are the two reasons why it may occur?

A

The replacement of functional tissue by scar tissue. Because the cells are a)permanent type or b) damage is too much of the collagen framework that the stable and liable cells can deal with

36
Q

What three things make up granulation tissue

A

Cell migration
New blood vessels
Extraceullar matrix

37
Q

What are the four steps of fibrous repair?

A

Inflammation cell infiltration-phago, acute chronic
Clot replaced by granulation tissue- angiogenesis due to release of cytokines myo/fibroblasts produce extracelluar matrix due release of profibrotic cytokines released from macrophages
Maturation. Decrease cell pop, increase in collagen which remodels, myofibroblasts contract to reduced vol deficit, vessels differentiate
Fibrous scar

38
Q

Describe the process of angiogenesis

A

Activation of endothelial cells, proteolysis of BM, migration, proliferation, mature and tubular remodelling, periendoethethial cells which lie next to and suppor endothelial cells

39
Q

What is the compensition of the extracelluar matrix and its function in granulation tissue?

A

Fibroblasts which secrete collagen, myofibroblasts, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

Function supports cells, help migration, communication, mops up growth factors

40
Q

What is reconsitution

A

Replacement of a loss part of the body. Co-ordinated regenerating of different cell types. Only time this is seen in humans is in blood vessels

41
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

An increase in organ size due to increase in no. Of cells. Can be hormonal or compensatory. Only in liabke and stable cells, it is reversible. Can be physiological or pathological

42
Q

In what cells is hypertrophy seen? And give two examples of causes?

A

Permanent cells in which the only option is to get bigger the intracellular protein gets bigger no the actual cytosol
Physiological- athletes, bulking, SM in the uterus
Pathological- in response to hypertension causing hypertrophy of ventricular cardiac muscle

43
Q

Atrophy is shrinkage of a tissue or organ due to an aquired…. What three things

A

Decrease in size of cells
Decrease in number of cells
Changes to the extracelluar matrix

44
Q

Give a physiological cause and a number of pathological causes of atrophy….

A

Phsyiological- uterus after birth, ovaries in post menopausal women
Pathological
Disuse, denervation, poor blood supply, injury persistent, senile, pressure, loss of endocrine stimuli

45
Q

What is the difference between metaplasia and neoplasia?

A

Metaplasia and neoplasia cells are replaced by ones of a different type. But metaplasia is reversible neoplasia is not and is seen as abnormal regeneration. An example would be with smoking the change of pseudo-stratified epithelial cells with stratified squamous cells.

46
Q

What is the difference between atresia and aplasia

A

Atresia is abnormal closing of an office. Aplasia is the lack of development

47
Q

How do steroids slow down would healing?

A

They inhibit the inflammatory response think of cortisol and cushings

48
Q

Define neoplasm

A

An abnormal growth that persists after the intial stimulus has been removed. If it it is malfinant also invades surrounding tissues and has the potential to spread to foreign sites

49
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue these cells show disorded organisation and presents in varied levels of differentiation. It is reversible therefore it is not neoplastic

50
Q

Tumour

A

Clinically detectable lumo or swelling, neoplasm is only one type

51
Q

Cancer

A

Malignant neoplasm

52
Q

Metastises

A

Malignant neoplasm that has spread from orginal site (primary site) to a mew non- contigous site (secondary). Only happens with malignant neoplasms and is more likely to occur in large primary neoplasms. And is the bases of cancer staging.

53
Q

Anaplastic

A

There is no resemblance to parent

54
Q

Benign neoplasm

A

The abnormal growth of cells, which persists adter initwting stimulus has been removed

55
Q

Malignant neoplasm

A

Abnormal growth of cells that persists after intiating sitmulus has been removed and invades and spreads to distant sites

56
Q

What is pleomorphism

A

Variation in shapes and sizes of cells within a tissue is seen in microscopic views if malignant neoplasms

57
Q

What is a papilloma

A

This is a benign neoplasm of stratified squamous epithelium. And is described because of its appearance as finger like projections. Can be found in skin, buccal muscosa
Can also be a transitional cell papilloma- bladder mucosa

58
Q

What is an adenoma

A

A benign neoplasm of glandular tissue

59
Q

What is a Polyp

A

This is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane

60
Q

Leukaemia

A

Malignant blood cell precursors in bone marrow

61
Q

Lymphomas

A

Malignancy of lymphocytes. Can be hodgkins and non hodgkins

62
Q

Myeloma

A

Maliginant plasma cells

63
Q

Blastomas

A

Children form immature precursor cells

64
Q

Teratoma

A

More than one germ layer so very different to surround tissue

65
Q

Seminoma-

A

malignancy germ cell tumour of the testes

66
Q

What is a benign teratoma also called?

A

Dermoid cyst and normally found in the ovaries. Think of Mr. Lee surgeries

67
Q

What is the main difference between hodgkins and non hodgkins lymphomas

A

Both are malignant however the difference between the two is the type of lymphocyte that is present

68
Q

What three things must occur to allow a neoplasm to invade?

A
  • altered adhesion- reduced expression of e- cadherins and integrins
  • stromal proteolysis- matrix metalloproteinases
  • abnormal or increase motility due to changes in actin cytoskeleton. Reduced adhesion also effects motility
69
Q

If a metastisis is gong to spread via the haemotogenous system what vessels is it most likely to travel through?

A

Capillaries and venules as there is no musclar part so easier to travel through. Goes into organs that receive drainage from or drain to for pm the secondary site.

70
Q

What is the preferred method of carcinoma metastis transition

A

Lymphatics the the blood. The lymphatics is a good way since the BM is very weak.

71
Q

From what cells are carcinoid tumours derived from?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

72
Q

Xerodema pigmentosum

A

Autosomal recessive, mutation in genes involved in nucleotide excision repair, therefore predeposing to UV cancer

73
Q

Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer

A

Mismatch repair colon carcinoma

74
Q

Mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2

A

Repairing double strand DNA breaks associated with familia breast cancer/ovarian carcinoma

75
Q

What is progession?

A

The accumulation of mutations to form a malignant neoplasm. The mutations are normally in pro-oncogenes, TSG

76
Q

What are the six hallmarks of cancer

A 
Self sufficency of GF
Resistance to stop growth signals
Cell immortalisation
Angiogenesis 
Resistance to apoptosis
Ability to invade and produce metastis because of gene instability
77
Q

Give three example of chemicals that can cause carcogenesis

A

Polycylic acromatic hydrocarbons
Acromatic amines
N-nitorso compounds

MOD Definitions (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions