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General Flashcards

1
Q

Define morality

A

ndicates what is the “right” and “wrong” way to behave

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2
Q

What is insomnia, what is the symptoms?

A

Insomnia is problems with sleeping.

Chronic is lasting more than three nights a week for more than three months, acute is brief period of problems

Symptoms- waking up a lot during night, difficulty falling asleep, not feeling refreshed on waking.

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3
Q

What is an explanation of insomnia?

A

Lifestyle shifts- jet lag, working shifts

Mental health issues or heart problems

Medication or food or anything that influences neurotransmitters and hormones upon ingesting

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4
Q

Define society

A

a group of individuals who share common traditions, institutions, customs, and values within a specific geographic area

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5
Q

What happens during synaptic functioning?

A

Synaptic transmission- messages passed throughout the nervous system from one neuron to another.

-electrical impulse is triggered inside the cell body of a neuron and travels down the axon as action potential travels towards end of nerve fibre.

-when this impulse reaches the terminal button (structure at end of nerve fibre) the vessicles release neurotransmitters into synapse which are trapped by the receptors.

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6
Q

What is circadian rhythm and what is ultradian rhythm?

A

Circadian rhythm- cycles repeated over the 24 hours, like the sleep wake cycle

Ultradian rhythm- less than 24 hours and happen more frequently- eg switching between REM and non-REM sleep

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7
Q

What part of our brain controls our ultradian rhythms?

A

SCN- Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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8
Q

What is narcolepsy and some symptoms?

A
  • when a Person has no control over their sleep wake cycle
  • excessive daytime sleepiness, hallucinations, cataplexy and sleep paralysis
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9
Q

What is cataplexy?

A
  • loss of muscle tone or power due to strong emotions such as laughter. Can happen during sleep or awake.
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10
Q

What are vessicles?

A

Small sacs containing neurotransmitter molecules

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11
Q

What is a corpus callosum?

A

Thick bundle of nerve fibres that connects the right and left. Hemispheres

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12
Q

What parts of the brain did phineas gage get injured in and how?

A

Iron rod, dorsolateral and ventromedial regions.

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13
Q

In Damasio et al, how many entry points and exit points were tested, how many paths did they end up modelling virtually?

A

20 entry’s points and 16 exits, 5 of the most likely paths were replicated to see damage in each case.

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14
Q

What was the aim of the Damasio et al study?

A

create a 3D computerised model of Phineas Gage’s skull (based on his actual skull) including the holes made by the iron rod.

Also wanted to see if any other regions were damaged along with frontal lobe.

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15
Q

What was the procedure of Damasio et al?

A

Took measurements of iron rod- three cm wide and 109 cm long

Built virtual 3D model of his brain w accurate measurements

Worked out which parts of skull was damaged to work backwards to find the path iron rod prolly took as it went to him

They found 20 possible entry and 16 possible exit points and for the 5 most likely paths they found damage to brain in each case

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16
Q

What was the results of Damasio et al?

A
  • there was likely to have been damage in both hemispheres of frontal lobe
  • likely to only affect the ventromedial and dorsolsateral region. So basically only the frontal lobe.

-more underlying damage to white matter In left hemisphere of frontal lobe

-most damage was in underside of frontal lobe (ventromedial)

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17
Q

What was the conclusion of Damasio et al?

A
  • ventromedial area of frontal lobes was important for sensible decisions and controlling our impulses around people, gage was reported struggling with this after the accident
  • Damasio et al also had evidence of 12 other people who had damage to frontal lobes and similar impulse issues
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18
Q

What are the strengths of the Damasio et al study?

A
  • use modern day tech to investigate data from the 19th century. Results have more scientific status, data can be seen rather than just inferred using 3D replicas
  • make predictions about what changes to behaviour we might expect when someone gets frontal lobe damage. Increase awareness and knowledge/understanding.
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19
Q

What are weaknesses of Damasio et al?

A
  • the info of the accident is 150 years old, so even if they used modern day tech and an exact replica of his skull, the info still has a degree of inaccuracy due to guesses from reports they couldn’t find, so may not be very reliable.

-Less generalisability because the damage was specific to Gage and is unlikely someone has exact same damage as him so info is not as applicable or even relevant to some patients.

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20
Q

What are some explanations of narcolepsy?

A
  • in narcolepsy, cells in hypothalamus that produce hypocretin (a chemical that keeps us awake) is damaged which can lead to symptoms of narcolepsy

-10% of ppl who have narcolepsy have a family member who is also narcoleptic.

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21
Q

What is the genetic explanation for addiction?

A

A1 version of the DRD2 gene

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22
Q

How can drugs be used as a treatment for addiction?

A

Disulfiram will condition the patient to relate the negative side effects of alchohal caused by the drug to alchohol itself. Like throbbing headaches. This will cause them to stop drinking.

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23
Q

What is the unconscious mind?

A

An inaccessible part of the mind that affects behaviours and feelings

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24
Q

How is damage to the brain a possible explanation of prosopagnosia?

A

-damage to the to fusiform face area (FFA) which is a part of the temporal lobe which is close to the occipital lobe that is said to help in face recognition.

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25
What is visual agnosia?
Inability to recognise things that can be seen. Their sight is fine but they cannot interpret and their brain is unable to make sense of the input. Could be caused by damage to parietal lobe because its a problem in perception
26
What are symptoms of visual agnosia?
- unable to recognise colours of objects - unable to name objects -unable to recognise places
27
What study supports that damage to prefrontal cortex is bad
Raine et al found that murderers had less activity in the pre frontal cortex
28
What is the role of pre frontal cortex
Balance emotions, decision making, control impulses
29
Where are unconscious wishes and desires held?
In the ID
30
What is defense mechanisms by the ego to achieve balance between ID and superego
Repression - not remembering
31
What is the role of the pineal gland?
Produce melatonin
32
What is the role of melatonin?
- setting circadian rhythms, including sleep wake cycle and blood pressure, triggered by darkness.
33
What are external cues on sleep called, and internal?
External- exogenous (zeitgebers) Internal- endogenous ( biological clock: SCN)
34
The BPS code of human research ethics are based on four guidelines: what are they?
- respect for autonomy, dignity and privacy of individuals and communities: respect parts. On age, gender and abilities. Inform them of right to withdraw. Safeguard details and not invade privacy. - Scientific integrity- conduct well designed research and not claim any misleading findings -Social responsibility- produce findings used by communities that offer value, and claim their responsibility to participants and society -Maximising benefit ad minimising harm- if the benefit of research outweighs cost to participants, researches should safeguard parts. , and minimise risk as much as possible. Conduct cost-benefit analysis.
35
What is informed consent?
Participants are fully aware of the aims and nature of experiment and that’s when they take part.
36
What is deception?
Misleading or lying to participants, usually occurs during the debrief Sometimes needed to. Maintain integrity and prevent bias or even placebo effect
37
Confidentiality meaning
Participants info to be kept safeguarded at all times to ensure they cannot be identified by the research, USUALLY KEPT SECRET
38
Internal validity meaning?
When the measures are able to test what they were originally meant to test
39
External validity meaning?
- whether the findings are generalisable to the target population
40
Research design meaning?
How participants are allotted to the conditions of a study
41
Experimental design means what?
Type of research design that is used in an experiment
42
What are the 3 types of experimental designs?
- independent - repeated -matched pairs
43
What is independent measures design?
Splitting participants into groups where each group is tested on only one condition
44
What is repeated measures designed to?
Same participants used in all conditions of the study - BARTLETTS WAR GHOSTS STUDY
45
Matched pairs design meaning?
an experimental design where pairs of participants are matched in terms of key variables, such as age and IQ- BANDURA ROSS AND ROSS
46
What is broca’s area responsible for, where is it found, and what happens if it’s damaged?
serving a role in speech production Found in frontal lobe There would be a breakdown between one's thoughts and one's language abilities
47
What are the strengths and weaknesses of independent measures design? How can this weakness be controlled?
Strengths- no order effects as parts only take part in one condition of study Weakness- more participants are needed, may be individual differences between the groups. CONTROL BY USING RANDOM ALLOCATION TO EACH CONDITION
48
What is the strength and weaknesses to repeated measures design and how to control weakness?
Strength- fewer parts needed making it more economical, no individual differences between conditions of study. Weakness- Demand characteristic are more likely because more easy to guess aim of experiment, order effects may lead to fatigue Control- order effects controlled by counterbalancing or randomisation
49
What are order effects?
When participants improve or get better in the second condition because they have practised or fatigued
50
What are demand characteristics? How are they encouraged?
When the participant alters their behaviour in response to the perceived aim of investigation (maybe the parent of hans in little hans study or parents in gunderson et al) Encouraged by investigator effect- when researcher unintentionally gives clues to participants on how to behave, for example they might unconsciously nod.
51
What are examples of situational variable introduced by how an experiment was conducted?
Order effects Demand characteristics Demand characteristics by investigator effect
52
What are situational variables?
An extraneous variable present at location or environment of study
53
What is a participant variable?
Extraneous variables specific to the participants of an investigation. Like mood or personality.
54
What are the 5 ways situational variables can be controlled?
Situational- Standardised procedures ( all experimental details are same across all conditions) Counterbalancing, prevents order effects. Splits one group for first condition and the other half of that group does second condition Randomisation, also prevents order effects, each participant is allocated to each condition by chance Single blind, controls demand characteristics. This is when parts are blind to aims and certain info about procedure is withheld Double blind, also demand characteristics but those specifically indicted by investigator effect, when participants and researchers involved in data collecting don’t know aims of study.
55
What are the 2 ways to control participant variables?
- use standardised procedures for all conditions -random allocation- participants are randomly assigned to a condition of the study
56
What is a null hypothesis?
A prediction that will fail to show any relationship between IV nad DV that is consistent with
57
What is an alternative hypothesis?
A prediction of the outcome of study that is expected to happen
58
Directional hypothesis meaning?
- hypo that predicts the direction results will go in
59
Non directional hypothesis meaning?
Predicts a difference/relationship between IV AND DV will be found but doesn’t specify what it will be.
60
What was the aim of the Sperry study
- wanted to see how split brain function was diff to normal brain - wanted to see how info was monitored and processed in split brain

Psychology (5 decks)

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