general Flashcards
Explain the difference between normal disfluency, borderline stuttering and beginning stuttering.
Normal disfluency
10 or fewer disfluencies per 100 words
One-unit repetitions, mostly repetitions, interjections, and revisions
No escape behaviours
Borderline stuttering
>11 disfluencies per 100 words
More than two units in repetitions, more repetitions and prolongations than revisions or interjections
No escape behvaiours
Beginning stuttering
Rapid, regular, tense repetitions, may have fixed articulatory posture in blocks
Has escape behaviours
Explain the typical onset, incidence and prevalence of stuttering.
Avg age of onset is 2;9 - between 2 & 3.5 years old (sarah)
41-50% have abrupt onset
Incidence (stuttered at some point) = 5-8%
Prevalence (stutter right now) = <1%.
Explain the recovery rate and when recovery typically occurs and for whom recovery typically occurs.
> 85% of children spontaneously recover
Most recovery is seen 18-24 months after onset
Children who show some recovery within 12 months of onset are likely to recover
Children whose onset is before age 4 more likely to recover than after 4
Children with no family history of stuttering more likely to recover than those with family history
Explain 4 risk factors of persistent stuttering
Family history of stuttering
Duration of >1yr
Concomitant speech/language/motor/cognitive delays
Later age of onset (after 3;6)
highlight the single best predictor of recovery from stuttering.
Single best predictor of recovery is recovery within 12 months of onset
Explain a current theory of the cause of stuttering, and some brain FUNCTION differences in the brains of people who stutter and use an analogy to help them understand it.
DIVA: feedback and feedforward pathway
Feedback: conscious, monitored speaking (like kids)
Feedforward: quick, automatic, errorless (like adults)
Impaired feedforward pathway
cooking in a different kitchen
Explain a current theory of the cause of stuttering, and some brain ANATOMY differences in the brains of people who stutter and use an analogy to help them understand it.
Left inferior frontal gyrus (broca’s area) has reduced density of white matter and reduced gray matter volume
White matter deficiencies in ventral premotor cortex and sensorimotor cortex representations of mouth and larynx
Less dense fibers in white matter tracts connecting sensory, planning, and motor areas for speech
Reduced connectivity between motor and articulatory regions
Name and briefly describe three old and discredited theories of stuttering and three misconceptions, negative stereotypes and/or poor clinical responses have been perpetuated by old theories of stuttering.
Cerebral dominance
Left hemisphere should be dominant in speech
In stuttering → no clear dominance exists and hemispheres compete for control
Lack of dominance results in asynchronous nerve impulses to bilateral speech musculature
parents/environmental stressors
Children who stuttered had parents that were:
anxious/overprotective
Domineering, critical, demanding perfectionists
Had fewer years of formal education
Diagnosogenic theory
Early speech disfluencies are not stuttering
Stuttering starts when struggle and avoidance develop
Stuttering only develops after it has been diagnosed by a parent
