General Flashcards
Causes of hypomenorrhoea
Ashermann’s syndrome, late stage of TB endometritis, OCP use, thyroid dysfunction
Causes of oligomennorhea
PCOD, obesity, hyperprolactinemia, hyperthyroidism
Causes of metrorrhagia
Cervical polyp, cervix ca , polyp, decubitus ulcer
Types of dysmenorhea
Primary - spasmodic dysmenorhea - pain starts with menstruation in the absence of pelvic pathology and intensity of pain lessens by 2nd day- pain is spasmodic with radiation to back and thigh and suprapubic
Secondary dysmenorhea - secondary to pelvic pathology - few years after menarche
Spasmodic: cramping pain secondary to underlying fibroids, endometrial polyp,IUCD
Congestive:will be present preceding and during the periods - fibroids, endometriosis, PID, adenomyosis
Triple: pain before during and after menstruation - endometriosis and adenomyosis
Membranous : a type of spasmodic dysmenorhea with passage of clots along with severe spasm
Define primary amenorrhea
Absence of secondary sexual characters and menses by 13y or absence of menses in the presence of secondary sexual characters by 15y
Secondary amenorrhea
Absence or failure of occurrence of menstruation for 6m in women who have previously menstruated
Describe the discharge in trichomoniasis
Profuse , slightly greenish/creamy , frothy
Describe the vaginal discharge in Bacterial vaginosis
Greenish white , homogeneous, malodorous
How to clinical differentiate mesenteric cyst and ovarian cyst ?
Using mobility
Mesenteric cyst- can be moved from rght hypochondrium to left iliac fossa ( perpendicular to mesentery)
Ovarian - side to side and with long pedicle upward and downward
Vaginal findings in infections
Yellowish frothy discharge and inflamed vagina, strawberry 🍓 spots- Trichomonas infection
Curdy white discharge - tends to stick to vagina: moniliasis and candidiasis
Findings in wet film preparation of vaginal discharge
Wet film preparation in saline- motile flagellate organism : Trichomonas vaginalis
Clue cells- epithelial cells with bacteria: bacterial vaginosis
KOH- hyphae seen in candidiasis
What is whiff test?
Fishy odour when KOH is added - bacterial vaginosis
Define leucorrhoea
Excessive normal vaginal discharge which is non purulent macroscopically and non offensive, non irritatant
Physiological causes of leucorrhoea
During puberty, ovulation- peak rise of oestrogen, premenstrual phase
Amsel’s criteria for diagnosing bacterial vaginosis
Thin white or yellow, homogeneous discharge
Clue cells on microscopy- epithelial cells with bacteria
Release malodorous fishy smell with 10% KOH
Define pelvic inflammatory diseases
Inflammation of the upper genital tract involving uterus tubes and ovaries
Name the various positions for gynaecology examination
Dorsal position
Sim’s lateral position
Lithotomy position
What can be visualised with sims speculum
To visualise vagina and cervix
Normal vaginal pH
6-8 children
4 puberty
4.5 reproductive age group
4 pregnancy
7 menopause
What organism produces the acidic environment?
Doderlein’s lactobacilli
Stages of acute PID (Gainesville Classification)
Stage 1- acute salphingitis without peritonitis or adhesions
Stage 2 - acute salphingitis with purulent discharge and peritonitis
Stage 3 - acute salphingitis with superimposed tubal occlusion or tubo ovarian complex
Stage 4 - Ruptured tubo ovarian abscess
Stage 5 - tubercular salphingitis
