General Flashcards
What are the eligibility requirements for a commercial pilot certificate?
61.123
- Be at least 18 years old
- Be able to read, speak, write and understand English
- Hold at least a private pilot certificate
- Pass the required knowledge test
- Receive the required ground and flight training endorsements.
- Meet the aeronautical experience requirements
- Pass the required practical test
What is the minimum aeronautical experience for commercial checkride?
61.129
What personal documents must you have with you when acting as PIC?
61.3
- Pilot Certificate
- Government issued photo ID
- Medical Certificate (At least a 2nd class to exercise commercial pilot privileges)
What are the medical certificate privileges and for how long are they valid
What do you need to be able to fly under BasicMed?
- Hold a current and valid U.S. Drivers License
- Must hold or have held a valid medical certificate at some point after July 14, 2006
- Answer the health questions on the Comprehensive Medical Examination Checklist (CMEC)
- Get you physical examination by any state licensed physician, and have that physician complete the CMEC
- Take the Basic Med online medical education course and keep the course completion document at any time when flying.
What are the BasicMed privileges and limitations?
Operations that you could conduct under 3rd class medical certificate with certain limitations.
- No more than 6 passengers and no more than 7 occupants (including the pilot)
- Aircraft with maximum certificated takeoff weight of no more than 12,500 lbs
- Flights within the United States, at an indicated airspeed of no greater than 250 knots, and at an altitude at or below 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL)
- Cannot fly for compensation or hire (there is an exception to this)
How do you maintain BasicMed privileges?
- CMEC that shows that your most recent physical exam was within the past 48 months
- Being treated by a physician for medical conditions that may affect the safety of flight
- Course completion certificate that was issued by a BasicMed medical training course provider within the past 24 calendar-months
Interesting facts about BasicMed
- 5.2.2.2: Operations under BasicMed include flight training. A person may receive flight instruction from an FAA-authorized flight instructor while that person is operating under BasicMed. A person receiving flight training may receive flight instruction from a flight instructor while the flight instructor is operating under BasicMed, when the flight instructor is acting as PIC. While flight instruction for compensation is considered “other commercial flying” for flight and duty requirements under 14 CFR parts 121 and 135, “a certificated flight instructor who is acting as PIC or as a required flightcrew member and is receiving compensation for his or her flight instruction is only exercising the privileges of a private pilot
- 5.2.3: Pilots may fly under BasicMed in visual flight rules (VFR) or instrument flight rules (IFR). There is no prohibition against flying in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)9 , but BasicMed doesn’t change the requirement to hold an instrument rating and be instrument current to act as PIC under IFR. Furthermore, BasicMed does not relieve an aircraft from the requirement to be approved for IFR operations in order to be operated under IFR.
What are the currency requirements for a pilot?
Currency requirements - 61.56/61.57
- Flight review or checkride in preceding 24 calendar months to act as PIC
- 3 TOLs in past 90 to carry passengers (full stop at night)
- If flying under an instrument flight plan within previous 6 months, 6 instrument approaches including holding, intercepting and tracking courses using navigation systems
What is the difference between being current and being proficient?
61.56/61.57
- Currency: The pilot meets the minimum FAA legal requirements to exercise their privileges (LEGAL)
- Proficiency: Possessing the skill, ability, and competency to fly safely and efficiently (SAFE)
Define compensation
Anything of value that is contingent upon the pilot acting as PIC of an aircraft (this includes money, goods, and services)
- Reimbursement of expenses, accumulation of flight time, and good will in the form of expected future economic benefits are considered compensation.
Define For Hire
The carriage by air is NOT incidental to the person’s other business or is, in itself, a major enterprise for profit.
Define common carriage
The willingness to transport persons or property from place to place for compensation or hire.
Define private carriage (non common carriage)
The demonstration that you are NOT willing to act as a commercial operator (furnish transportation) on behalf of anyone who wants your services (picky/private jets)
*There is a limit on how many contracts you can accept.
*Transporting a large # of passengers under the umbrella of one contract (sports teams + university)
Define Operator
The person who causes the aircraft to be used or authorizes its use/engages in the carriage of persons or property for compensation or hire, other than air carrier
Define Holding Out
Advertising by any means including reputation or word-of-mouth (AC 61-142)
What are the 3 different definitions of night?
- Nav/position lights are needed from the time between sunset and sunrise.
- To log night time you need to fly between the end of evening civil twilight to the beginning of morning civil twilight
- To gain passenger night currency you need to get your three takeoffs and landings to a full stop completed between one hour after sunset to one hour before sunrise
What are your privileges as a commercial pilot?
Privileges: §61.133,
- May act as PIC of an aircraft for compensation or hire
- May carry passengers or property for compensation or hire
What are your limitations as a commercial pilot?
Limitations:
- Common carriage: a carrier becomes a “common carrier” when it “holds itself out” to the public to a segment of the public. Carriage of passengers or cargo as a result of holding out/advertising your availability to the public.
- Holding out: a carrier is holding out when they represent themselves as willing to furnish transportation within the limits of its facilities to any person who wants it (signs advertising their availability, gaining a reputation to “serve all” whom contact operator, a carrier that is only willing to carry certain types of traffic)
- Private carriage: carriage for hire that does not involve “holding out”. The carriage of one or several customers over a long-term basis, and showing a willingness to make a contract with anybody. Sometimes referred to as “contract carriers.”
What are your limitations as a commercial pilot if you don’t hold an instrument rating?
61.133
- Carriage of passengers for hire on cross country flights in excess of 50 NM is prohibited.
- Carriage of persons/property for hire at night is prohibited
What is the definition of a complex airplane and what do you need to be able to operate one?
61.1, 61.31(e)
A complex airplane is consider and airplane that has:
- Retractable landing gear
- Flaps
- Controllable pitch propeller/Constant speed propeller
And to be able to operate a complex airplane you must have received ground and flight training in a complex airplane, be proficient on it, and receive a complex airplane endorsement from an authorized instructor.
What is a high performance airplane and what do you need to operate one?
61.31(f)
A high performance aircraft is and aircraft that has an engine rated for more than 200hp.
In order to operate a high performance airplane you need to have received the ground and flight instruction in a high perfomance aircraft, be proficient on it and have received the proper endorsement from an authorized instructor.
When do you need a high altitude endorsement?
61.31(g)
“No person may act as pilot in command of a pressurized aircraft (an aircraft that has a service ceiling or maximum operating altitude, whichever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), unless that person has received and logged ground training from an authorized instructor and obtained an endorsement in the person’s logbook or training record from an authorized instructor who certifies the person has satisfactorily accomplished the ground training.”
What is the different between an accident and an incident according to the FAA?
49 CFR Part 830
- An accident is an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft that takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or serious injury, or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage
- A “serious incident” is one of a specific list of events such as a complete loss of information from more than 50 percentof an aircraft’s cockpit displays, according to 49 CFR 830.5(a)(9). In contrast, a non-serious incident is “an occurrence other than an accident(or serious incident)that affects or could affect the safety of operations.”
https://pilot-protection-services.aopa.org/news/2016/may/04/did-i-just-have-an-accident-or-an-incident
What is an accronym to mitigate risks?
Pilot (IMSAFE, 5 P’s)
Aircraft (ATOMATOFLAMES, FLAPS, GRABCARD, AV1ATE, ARROWEC, and FMAT)
enVironment (NWKRAFT)
External pressures (deadlines, get-there-itis, etc.)
What is the pilot safety checklist?
Illness (am I sick or getting sick?)
Medication (am I on any medication? If so, is it approved by the FAA?)
Stress (we are all stressed, but is it excessive to the point of distraction?)
Alcohol (.04%, not feeling effects/hungover, 8 hours bottle to throttle - but have a greater personal minimum such as 24 hours)
Fatigue (how many hours of sleep did you get last night?)
Emotions/eating (are you emotionally stable? when did you last eat?)
What are the required aircraft documents?
91.203
Airworthiness certificate (displayed in cabin/visible to passengers)
Registration (valid 7 years)
Radio operators license (international)
Operating handbook/limitation (POH)
Weight and balance (found in POH)
External data plate
Compass deviation card
What are the required inspections your airplane must have to be legal?
Annual (12 calendar months)
VOR (30 days, IFR)
100-hour (for hire or flight instruction)
Altimeter/static (24 calendar months, IFR)
Transponder (24 calendar months)
ELT (121.5… inspection every 12 calendar months, battery replacement after 1 hour cumulative use or 1/2 battery life)
What is the required equipment for VFR day?
91.205 (b)
Altimeter
Tachometer
Oil pressure gauge
Manifold pressure gauge (constant speed prop)
Airspeed indicator
Temperature gauge (for each liquid cooled engines)
Oil temperature gauge
Fuel quantity indicator
Landing gear position indicator (retractable landing gears)
Anti-collision lights
Magnetic directional indicator
ELT
Safety belts
What is the required equipment for VFR night?
91.205(c)
Fuses
Landing light (for hire)
Anti-collision lights
Position/Nav lights
Source of power/electricity
What is the required equipment for IFR flight?
IFR 91.205(d) in addition to 91.205 b and c
Generator/alternator
Radio
Altimeter (sensitive)
Ball and slip indicator
Clock
Attitude indicator
Rate of turn indicator
Directional gyro
What is the procces to follow for innoperative equipment in an aircraft?
FAA (91.205)
MEL/KOEL (minimum equipment list and kinds of operations equipment list)
ADs (airworthiness directives)
TCDS (type certificate data sheet, comprehensive equipment list found in POH)
SAIB special awareness info bulletin (manufacturer)
If equipment is inoperative and not required for flight, the equipment must be deactivated/removed and placarded as inoperative as indicated in 91.213
What is and MEL and a KOEL?
MEL: minimum equipment list is a list of things that can be inoperative and you can still fly (found in POH/AFM)
KOEL: kinds of operations equipment list is a list of things that need to be operative categorized by VFR day, VFR night, IFR (found in POH/AFM)
What checklist is it recommended to follow before a flight and for safe planning?
NOTAMs
Weather
Known ATC delays
Runway length and condition
Alternates
Fuel required
TOL performance
What are the fuel requirements for each flight?
- VFR day: Enough fuel for the flight to the destination and 30 minutes reserve
- VFR night: Enough fuel for the flight to the destination and 45 minutes reserve
- IFR: Enough fuel to point of intended landing + furthest alternate + 45 minutes reserve
What process do you follow if you become lost during a flight?
5 C’s
Confess you are lost
Climb to gain a safe altitude
Conserve fuel
Communicate to ATC you are lost
Comply with ATC instructions
Engine Failure steps:
Airspeed (pitch for 76 knots)
Best place to land (select and inspect)
Checklists (power-off landing)
Declare emergency (121.5, squawk 7700)
ELT
What is the order for the right of way between different aircrafts?
Emergency
Balloon
Glider
Aircraft refueling other aircraft
Airship
Rotorcraft/Airplane
What is pilotage and dead reckoning?
- Pilotage: the process of navigating on water or in the air using fixed points of reference on the sea or on land, usually with reference to a nautical chart or aeronautical chart to obtain a fix of the position of the vessel or aircraft with respect to a desired course or location.
- Dead reckoning: navigation solely by means of computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction.
How do you choose an altitude to fly at?
Altitudes are based on magnetic course
VFR altitudes:
0 - 179 degrees is odd plus 500 (ex 5500)
180 - 359 degrees is even plus 500 (ex 4500)
IFR altitudes:
0 - 179 degrees is odd thousand (5000)
180 - 359 degrees is even thousand (4000)
Before every flight consider the maximum elevation figures, obstacles, special use airspace, etc.
What is a special flight permit?
A special flight permit may be issued by the FSDO for an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements but is capable of safe flight, for the following purposes:
- Flying the aircraft to a base where repairs, alterations, or maintenance are to be performed, or to a point of storage.
- Flying an aircraft whose annual inspection has expired to a base where an annual inspection can be accomplished.
- Flying an amateur built aircraft whose condition inspection has expired to a base where the condition inspection can be accomplished.
- Delivering or exporting the aircraft.
- Production flight testing of new production aircraft.
- Evacuating aircraft from areas of impending weather
What are Life Limited Parts?
- Any part for which a mandatory replacement limit is specified in the type design, the instructions for Continued Airworthiness, or the maintenance manual
- Life status means the accumulated cycles, hours, or any other mandatory replacement limit of a life-limited part
- You can find if your aircraft has them in the TCDS (type certificate data sheet) or on the FAA website
What are ADs (airworthiness directives)?
Airworthiness Directives ( AD s) are legally enforceable regulations issued by the FAA in accordance with 14 CFR part 39 to correct an unsafe condition in a product.
- They are regulatory and compliance is mandatory
- Types include one-time, recurring, and emergency
What are the characteristics of clear ice and rime ice and the differences
What are the effects of a FWD and an AFT CG?
How do you calculate maneuvering speed?
What are the hazardous attitutes, an example and their antidotes?
What is Time of Useful Consciousness?
The Time of Useful Consciousness (TUC) or Effective Performance Time is the period of elapsed time from the interruption of normal air supply or exposure to an oxygen-poor environment until the time when the ability to function usefully is likely to be lost at which point an affected individual would no longer be capable of taking normal corrective or protective action.
How does a pressurized cabin work?
- Ambient air is introduced into a compressor, which is usually the airplane’s engine. As the air is compressed, it heats up rapidly. This heated air is sent through a cooling unit, like a fuel-air heat exchanger. Through ducting, this air is then introduced into the cabin. A series of over-flow or outflow valves regulate how quickly air is released from the cabin. Air comes into the cabin quicker than it’s released, creating a high-pressure cabin environment.
- A compressor that pressurizes air and 2 check valves (one backup) to prevent over-pressurization and a blow/outflow valve.
What type of ailerons do we have, what are the pros of them.
We have differential ailerons in the piper archer, by differential ailerons we know that the aileron that deflects ups, deflects more (25°) than the one deflecting down (17.5°). The purpose of the differential ailerons is to contribute in the reduction of adverse yaw.
The way it works is, the aileron in the upward position (the right aileron in this example) creates less lift and less drag than the aileron that is lowered. The aileron angled downward (the left aileron in this example) produces more drag and more lift, initially yawing the airplane in the opposite direction of your roll.
