General Flashcards
What is geography?
Geography is the study of man and his environment
What are the categories of geography and what do they deal with?
Physical deals with natural environment and human deals with the study of men and activities they are involved in
What is a map?
A map is a small scaled representation of what the land looks like from above. It contains a title, key, scale, N arrow, frame.
What are the 4 types of maps?
Physical, political, population and economic
What are lines of latitude?
Lines of latitude run from east to west horizontally, forming circles around the earth.
What are lines of longitude?
Lines of longitude run from north to south through the poles
How are igneous rocks formed?
Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools and solidifies into rock
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
Sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
Metamorphic rocks are igneous or sedimentary rocks that changed overtime due to pressure and temperature
What is the crust?
The outer layer of the earth which we live on
What is the mantle?
The middle layer made up of semi-molten, rock or magma.
What is the core?
An inner and outer core which consists of super heated liquid rock
What are plate tectonics?
The study of plate which make up the earths crust
How are plate margins formed?
When plates move
What are 3 Types of plate margins?
Convergent, divergent and transformed.
What is an earthquake?
It is shocks that occur when the earths plates move.
What is the focus?
The point below the surface where the vibrations of earthquakes are generated
What is the epicentre?
The location on the earths surface where vibrations are felt the strongest directly above the focus.
What are shockwaves?
The vibrations generated from the focus of the earthquake
What is the Richter scale
The scale on which earthquakes are rated. It goes from 0-9
What is a seismograph?
The instrument that constantly measures the vibrations of the earth
What is folding?
Folding is the buckling of layers of the earths crust due to immense pressure
What are the 5 main types of folds?
Simple, asymmetrical, over fold, over thrust fold and recumbent
What is a syncline and an anticline?
A valley and a hill formed when pressure gets exerted on layers of rocks in the earth.
What is the main feature formed by folding?
A fold mountain
What is a dyke?
A vertical sheet of magma formed as material forces its way through cracks in the surrounding rocks and hardens
What is a sill?
formed when magma intrudes between the rock layers, forming a horizontal or near horizontal sheet of igneous rock.
What is a plug?
A vertical pipe formed when molten rock becomes solid in the vent
What is the laccolith?
A dome shaped feature formed when igneous rock intrudes along the bedding plain forcing overlying layers upwards forming a mound
What is a batholith?
A large and deep feature that is often made of granite and may be the magma chamber of volcanoes
What are fold mountain ranges?
The Andes, the alps, the Himalayas and Rockies.
What are the 7 continents of the earth?
Africa
South America
North America
Europe
Australia
Antarctica
Asia
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What are the 5 oceans of the earth?
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic.
What are eastings?
Vertical lines going eastward
What are northings?
Horizontal lines going northwards
How do you read grid references?
The numbers on the bottom, then the numbers on the top.
What is frost action?
As the temperature drops below freezing, the water that entered the cracks in the rock freezes and as this process is repeated overtime, the rock will disintegrate.
What is temperature change?
As temperature rises and drops, rocks expand and contract making rocks peel off in layers and is called exfoliation weathering.
What is carbonation?
the mixing of water with carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid which results in the formation of caves, stalactites and stalagmites.
What is oxidation?
the breakdown of rock by oxygen and water, often giving iron-rich rocks a rusty-coloured weathered surface
What is hydrolysis?
Minerals react chemically to uncontact with water.
How do animals effect weathering?
Animals burrow through the ground breaking up rocks and at death produce acid chemically changing the rock
