General Flashcards
Darlington pair is a configuration of two bipolar transistors connected together to provide a ………… and used in applications where a …… needs to control a ……… EX:
very high current gain and and low input current . applications where a small input current needs to control a much larger output current
such as in amplifier circuits, motor drivers, and switching circuits
………….provides ………. and also known as an optocoupler, is an electronic component that is used to transfer electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. It consists of a light-emitting diode (LED) and a photodetector (such as a phototransistor or a photodiode) enclosed in a light-proof package. The input and output circuits are electrically isolated from each other, providing protection against voltage spikes, noise, and ground loops.
An optoisolator *providing protection against voltage spikes, noise, and ground loops.
MOSFETS have ……. input impedance and ……. output impedance therefore used in ….name 7
high - low
1- Switching Circuits: used in power supplies, motor control circuits, LED drivers, and many other applications where high-power switching is required.
2- Amplifiers in analog circuits often used in audio amplifiers, radio frequency (RF) amplifiers, and instrumentation amplifiers due to their low input capacitance, high input impedance, and low noise characteristics.
3- Digital Logic Circuits:
4- Voltage Regulators:
5- radio frequency (RF) circuits and communication systems. They are used to route RF signals, control antenna switches, and perform other RF switching functions in wireless communication systems, RF test equipment, and RF transceiver circuits.
6- Oscillators and Frequency Generators
7- used extensively in automotive electronic circuits, including engine control modules, transmission control modules, electronic stability control systems, lighting systems, and power management systems.
For a measurement system with time-varying inputs, three criteria must be
satisfied in order to ensure that we obtain a quality measurement:
- Amplitude linearity
- Adequate bandwidth
- Phase linearity
A microphone can acquire a ……..signal and convert it into
a …….. signal that can be processed and displayed
pressure signal into electric
The scale commonly used to measure the degree of fidelity of a measurement system’s reproduction at different frequencies is called the “
decibel scale “frequency response.” from measurement system aka Bode plot !!
A properly designed measurement
system reproduces all frequency components in a typical input signal. When it
does, the system is said to exhibit high
fidelity
To experimentally determine the bandwidth of a system, it is necessary to
systematically apply pure sinusoidal inputs and to determine the …………. for the desired range of frequencies.
output-to-input amplitude ratio
A high-fidelity measurement system must exhibit 3 things
1- amplitude linearity to prevent
amplitude distortion
2- have adequate bandwidth to pass all frequency components contained in an input signal,
3- exhibit phase linearity to prevent phase
distortion
The op amp is the basic building
block for (8)
? Amplifiers
? Integrators
? Summers
? Differentiators
? Comparators
? A/D and D/A converters
? Active filters
? Sample and hold amplifiers
The difference amplifier presented may be satisfactory for low impedance
sources, but its input impedance is too low for high-output impedance sources therefore to solve this we use …….. because it has (4)
instrumentation amplifier
? Very high input impedance
? Large common mode rejection ratio (CMRR).
? Capability to amplify low-level signals in a noisy environment,
? Consistent bandwidth over a large range of gains
the
differentiator ……. the fast-changing noise. Integration, on the other hand, has a
smoothing effect, so noise is not a concern when using an integrator.
amplifies
TTL stands
for transistor-transistor logic devices and CMOS for complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor devices. In general, any …………….
can be constructed with either family or with a mix of the two families, but to do this
correctly, we need to understand the differences in the electronic characteristics of
each family.
sequential logic circuit
………….(CMOS - TTL) is better for general use because it draws no current unless switching, and the output swings nearly from ground to the positive
supply value. However, at high frequency, CMOS can dissipate nearly the power
required by an equivalent TTL circuit.
CMOS
……. has the ability to provide noise immunity, stable switching behavior, and robustness in harsh environments.
Schmitt triggers
Schmitt triggers function in automotive industry
………6
1- Sensor Interfaces: throttle position sensors, crankshaft position sensors, wheel speed sensors, and temperature sensors.
2- Switch Debouncing
3- Signal Conditioning: condition analog signals from sensors and transducers into digital signals suitable for processing by microcontrollers and electronic control units (ECUs). They help in minimizing the effects of noise, interference, and signal distortion encountered in automotive environments, ensuring accurate and reliable data acquisition and processing
4- Voltage Level Shifting: facilitate communication between components such as ECUs, sensors, actuators, and communication buses, ensuring seamless integration and interoperability within the vehicle’s electrical architecture.
5- Fault Detection and Diagnosis
6- Electronic Control Systems:
digital pulses may not exhibit sharp edges; instead, the signal
may ramp from 0 to 5 V over a finite time period, and it may do so in a noisy
(jumpy) fashion so to change this into a sharp pulse using the threshold hysteresis effect a …….. is used
Schmitt trigger
Microprocessors uses in automotive sector (6) using algorithms
1- Engine Management Systems (EMS):
fuel injection timing, ignition timing, air-fuel ratio, idle speed, and exhaust emissions
2- Transmission Control Systems:
to manage the shifting of gears and optimize transmission performance. They monitor vehicle speed, engine load, throttle position, and other parameters to determine the optimal gear ratio for fuel efficiency
3- Safety and Driver Assistance Systems:
4- Infotainment and Connectivity:
touch screen
5- Vehicle Networking and Communication:
Microprocessors facilitate communication between various electronic control units (ECUs) and sensors distributed throughout the vehicle. They support communication protocols such as CAN (Controller Area Network), LIN (Local Interconnect Network), FlexRay, Ethernet, and MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport), enabling real-time data exchange, diagnostics, and control between different vehicle components.
6- Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Systems: Microprocessors are essential components of electric powertrain control systems and hybrid vehicle control systems. They manage battery charging, energy storage, regenerative braking, motor control, and power distribution, optimizing energy efficiency and vehicle performance in electric and hybrid vehicles.
……………. is a robust, high-speed serial communication protocol designed for real-time applications in automotive and industrial environments. name applications
CAN (controller area network)
applications such as engine control, transmission control, body electronics, chassis control, and safety systems (e.g., ABS, airbags).
provides built-in error detection and fault tolerance mechanisms, making it suitable for critical applications that require high reliability and fault tolerance.
….. is a low-cost, low-speed serial communication protocol primarily used for non-critical, low-bandwidth applications in automotive networks and what is its architecture ?
give applications on automotive
LIN *(local interconnect network)
LIN is based on a master-slave architecture, where a single master node communicates with multiple slave nodes over a single wire.
used in: Interior Lighting Control:
Window and Mirror Control:
Door Locking and Unlocking:
Seat Control:
Climate Control: HVAC
Audio and Entertainment Systems:
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)
……. is a high-speed, deterministic communication protocol designed for demanding automotive applications that require high bandwidth, fault tolerance, and real-time capabilities.
give examples
FlexRay
Steer-by-Wire Systems:
where electronic control units (ECUs) govern the vehicle’s steering system without the need for mechanical linkages
Active Suspension Systems:
adjust suspension characteristics in real-time based on road conditions, vehicle dynamics, and driver inputs
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS):
such as adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, collision avoidance, and automatic emergency braking. These systems rely on real-time data processing and communication between sensors, ECUs, and actuators to enhance vehicle safety and driver assistance.
Electric Powertrain Control:
enables precise control of power delivery, energy management, and regenerative braking in electric and hybrid vehicles.
………. motors, particularly in electric and hybrid vehicles
brushless DC (direct current) motors
In microcontroller, there is a ………….. to make sure that all operations
happen within a defined timing pattern
clock generator ( oscillator )
In Dynamic RAM (DRAM): Unlike SRAM, the information is stored as an………….
capacity of a ………. in dynamic RAM (DRAM). As such capacitors are susceptible to leakage,
the charge is gradually lost. In order to retain the information, the charge has to be refreshed
electrical charge in the gate
CMOS transistor
