General Flashcards
TDR - Transfer of Development Rights
Voluntary, incentive-based program that allows landowners to sell development rights from their land to developer who then can use these rights to increase the density of development at another designated location. Can be challenging to administer.
Common uses include farmland protection, natural resource protection, and guide new urban development.
APA Policy Guide: Billboard Controls
Federal government via the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act makes challenging for local governments to prohibit billboards or require removal of nonconforming billboards (by threatening federal highway $).
APA supports policy that strengthens local government’s ability to regulate billboards, taxes on billboards and private companies, etc.
APA Policy Guide: Agricultural Land Preservation
Ag land is being developed at a rate faster than population growth. Traditional zoning is typically not enough.
APA supports policies that protect agricultural land including long-range planning, funding incentives and withholdings, mapping and monitoring, TDRs, etc.
APA Policy Guide: Provision of Childcare
affordable, conveniently located, quality childcare is one of the most pressing concerns of contemporary family life. Childcare is a land use topic.
APA supports policies that ease the burden of opening and operating childcare facilities, specifically family/in-home care centers. Encouraged actions include limiting zoning restrictions for childcare and incentivizing developers to provide space.
APA Policy Guide: Community and Regional Food Planning
Food has been long overlooked, however awareness is increasing. Topics include:
1. General effects of the food system on local and regional areas (farmland)
2. Food system links with the economy (globalization, rural decline, local purchasing)
3. Food system links with health (health and the built environment)
4. Food system links with ecological systems (energy consumption, water, animal, biodiversity, wastes)
5. Food system and social equity (hunger, emergencies, urban gardens, immigrants as food sector workers)
6. Native/ethnic food cultures (specifically native Americans)
7. Comprehensive food planning and policy (food policy councils, community-based food projects)
Planners role: assess, advocate, integrate into plans, partner and coordinate with agencies and non-profits, provide data and mapping support
APA Policy Guide: Community Resources (Group Homes and Halfway Houses)
The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 requires that reasonable accommodations be made for people with disabilities to enjoy a dwelling. Additionally, the policy guide provides research indicating that halfway houses and group homes do not negatively impact a neighborhood.
Edward Murray Bassett
“the father of American zoning”. Wrote the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the United States, which was adopted by New York City in 1916.
1 acres = ? hectares
2.47
ADT
Average daily traffic; measure most commonly used for traffic volume which quantifies the average number of vehicles that travel on a road in a typical day.
Advocacy Planning
formulated in the 1960s by Paul Davidoff and Linda Stone Davidoff; planners seek to represent the interest of various groups within society; brings planning topics into the public eye; planners use expertise to represent stakeholders not at the table
Alfred Bettman
first president of the ASPO American Society of Planning Officials; key founder of modern urban planning; played a part in creating the capital improvements budget; contributed to the concept of the comprehensive plan due to his work on the “Cincinnati Plan”
Saul Alinsky
American community activist; Chicago-based; helping poor communities organize to press demands upon landlords, politicians, etc.
Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.
American landscape architect and city planner; wildlife conservationist; tied to national parks
Americans with Disabilities Act
Passed in 1990 and significantly amended in 2008. 2010 Standards for Accessible Design replaced standards set in 1991.
Amitai Etzioni
Mixed Scanning
Associated Home Builders of Greater East Bay v. City of Livermore
dealt with timing of development;
Exactions
Condition for development is imposed on a parcel of land that requires the developer to mitigate anticipated negative impacts of the development. Similar to impact fees.
Business Improvement District
Property owners agree to an increase in the districts tax rate which can be used to fund improvement inside the district.
Charles Lindblom
Wrote about incrementalism as a step-by-step approach to achieving plans as a response to rationalism.
Cheney v. Village 2 at New Hope
The Pennsylvania State Court in 1968 found that planned unit developments are acceptable if the regulations focus on density requirements rather than specific rules for each lot
Chicane
A chicane is a short, shallow, S-shaped turn that requires drivers to turn slightly left and then right again to stay on the road, which results in slowing speeds down.
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe
In the 1960s, Citizens to Preserve Overton Park filed suit against U.S. Secretary of Transportation John Volpe after he announced plans to build Interstate 40 through Overton Park in Memphis. The suit claimed that Vollpe was violating section 4(f) of the Dept. of Transportation Act of 1966, which required the government to show there were no “feasible and prudent” alternatives to using public lands, such as parks, when building freeways. In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, leading to a considerable increase in grassroots environmental organizing.
City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
City of Rancho Palos Verdes established that administrative procedures can remedy violations of the Telecommunications Act, and that an individual cannot force compliance.
Civil Rights Act
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination and segregation on the basis of race, religion, national origin and gender in the workplace, schools, public accommodations and in federally assisted programs. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 provided for equal housing opportunities regardless of race, creed, or national origin. The Fair Housing Act (FHA) is also known as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
Message Pyramid
The Message Pyramid is a technique for communicating clearly to the public. The Message Pyramid involves delivering a concise key statement that creates an environment and belief system for the audience. This statement is followed by two pieces of evidence: one that supports the benefits of planning and one that amplifies the first using data or evidence
Participatory Rural Appraisal
Participatory rural appraisal is a group of techniques that allow for the provision and analysis of information by the public. Participatory rural appraisals are typically highly visual, including the creation of maps or picture cards.
Planning Cell
Planning cells are “a deliberative method where randomly-selected, diverse participants collaborate on developing solutions to a given issue and report the resulting recommendations to the relevant decision-makers.” A planning cell allows citizens to learn about, assess and choose between multiple alternatives. Planning cells is a method for deliberation developed by Dr. Dienel, and is designed to be a “micro-parliament.” In a planning cell, approximately 25 people from various backgrounds work together to develop a set of solutions to a problem delegated to the participants by a commissioning body.
Prescriptive Easement
A prescriptive easement is typically obtained under principles of adverse possession, i.e., a prescriptive easement can be earned through the ongoing and regular use of an otherwise unused property. A prescriptive easement allows the right to use the property and does not allow the farmer to gain title to the land.
Easement Appurtenant
An easement appurtenant allows access to your property, for example giving the right to use a neighbor’s driveway to access your property.
