General Flashcards

1
Q

Demonstrate skills in negotiating change in life-styles where appropriate in the patient’s best interests

A

Motivational interviewing

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2
Q

Outline the role of post mortem examination

A
  • Gain insight into pathological processes.
  • Prevention of future patient deaths, ensuring quality of care.
  • Help with teaching and medical research.
  • Further understand the long-term effects of drug therapy.
  • Explore how certain diseases progress.
  • Study and monitor levels of chemicals and radioactive elements absorbed from the environment.

Legal requirements:

  • Sudden/unexpected death.
  • Unknown cause of death.
  • Unnatural death (accident, suicide, suspicious).
  • Death from industrial disease.
  • Death from negligence.
  • Death during surgery or anaesthesia.
  • Death within 24hrs of admission.
  • Not seen by a doctor for 14 days.
  • Patient detained under MHA.
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3
Q

Describe the organisation of cancer services and networks in the United Kingdom

A

EUROCARE study found that UK had one of the worst 5 year survival statistics in Europe:

  • Differences in data collection.
  • UK has an older population.
  • Patients present later in UK.
  • Lower social classes don’t access services.
  • Poor access to treatment = delay in diagnostic pathways.

Calman-Hine report 1995:

  • Concluded unacceptable variation in quality of treatment between hospitals = services were disjointed and outcomes were poor.
  • So would be better to centralise treatment to improve quality, with primary care at the centre of this.
  • Should ensure all patients have equal access to care.
  • Public and professionals educated on recognising early signs.
  • Services should be patient centered —> given clear info on treatment options and outcomes.
  • Cancer registration and monitoring of outcomes is essential.
  • Psychosocial needs of carers and patients recognised.

Calman-Hine report solution:

  • Resulted in (via NHS Cancer Plan 5 years later) the formation of cancer networks - 3 levels of care:
  1. Primary care - prevention and early diagnosis.
  2. Cancer unit - treat common cancer, make diagnosis (non-complex chemo and surgery).
  3. Cancer centre - treat rare cancers, radiotherapy, complex chemo and surgery.

Reasons for centralising cancer care:

  • Not cost effective to have resources for everything everywhere.
  • Clinicians become more expert so better outcomes.
  • Patients will receive better care for their specific conditions —> holistic care from integrated services.

Issues with centralising care:

  • Some hospitals neglected with resources, which can worsen care.
  • Cost of patient travel.

Strategic cancer network aims:

  • Reduce incidence of cancer.
  • Maximise cancer survival.
  • Enhance QoL of patients and their families.
  • Improve patient experience of cancer services.
  • Provide high quality services.

Role of strategic cancer networks:

  • Develop strategic plans for delivering better care.
  • Implement national policies.
  • Deliver improvements in care.
  • Provide a communication channel between groups across network.
  • Provide resources for research and audits.

National cancer research network - improve the infrastructure within NHS for clinical research in cancer.

National cancer research institute - develop common plans for cancer research and to avoid unnecessary duplication of studies.

Cancer reform strategy 2007:

  • Prevention.
  • Early diagnosis —> overcome barriers to healthcare, more screening, new referral guidelines.
  • Better treatment —> reduced waiting times (2WW), improved clinical trials.
  • Living with cancer and beyond —> charities and support.
  • Inequality reduction.
  • Delivering care in most appropriate setting.
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4
Q

Outline the ways in which the quality of cancer services are measured at local and national levels

A

Cancer registries collect/collate data and submit to the office for national statistics:

  • Follow up patients.
  • Comparison on incidence and survival.
  • Evaluate screening programme effectiveness.
  • Evaluate quality and outcomes of care.
  • Evaluate environmental and social factors on cancer risk.
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5
Q

Give examples of some of the possible psychological consequencies of cancer treatment for patients and their relatives

A
  • Change in physical appearance - hair loss, mastectomy (self-image)
  • Depression/anxiety.
  • Family/friend death forced to confront own mortality.
  • Worry about leaving people behind.
  • Grief.
  • Uncertainty.
  • Demanding physical health affects of chemo.
  • Stress of editing carer or being cared for.
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6
Q

Outline healthy and unhealthy adjustment responses to physical symptoms and the impact of personal, family and cultural influences

A

Coping strategies

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7
Q

3 P’s of Public Health

A
  • Heath protection
  • Health promotion
  • Disease prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary)
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8
Q

What form of prevention is screening?

A

Secondary - early detection of a disease.

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9
Q

Examples of primary prevention

A

Free condoms, immunisation, dental hygiene, healthy eating.

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10
Q

Levels of health promotion

A

Government, social/enviornmental, individual.

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11
Q

Define absolute risk

A

Chance of an event occurring (incidence).

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12
Q

ICS act

A

Health and social care act 2022

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13
Q

What is the role of the CQC?

A

Care quality commission - assess the quality of services and regulate standards in care.

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14
Q

Role of NICE

A

Provides evidence based guidelines

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15
Q

What is the most commonly reported medical error?

A

Incorrect drug dosage or drug prescribed

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16
Q

Define secondary prevention

A

It aims to reduce severity or recurrence of disease once it has developed.

17
Q

Tertiary prevention for stroke

A

Rehabilitation programmes and speech therapy - to reduce the impact of health event.

18
Q

Outline the epidemiology of cancer in UK

A
  1. Breast
  2. Prostate
  3. Lung
  4. Bowel
  5. Melanoma

Childhood cancers: leukaemia (ALL), brain, lymphoma.

19
Q

What are the benefits of the cancer MDT?

A

Streamlines and co-ordinates care so it’s not fragmented over several sites —> better outcomes.