General Flashcards
Demonstrate skills in negotiating change in life-styles where appropriate in the patient’s best interests
Motivational interviewing
Outline the role of post mortem examination
- Gain insight into pathological processes.
- Prevention of future patient deaths, ensuring quality of care.
- Help with teaching and medical research.
- Further understand the long-term effects of drug therapy.
- Explore how certain diseases progress.
- Study and monitor levels of chemicals and radioactive elements absorbed from the environment.
Legal requirements:
- Sudden/unexpected death.
- Unknown cause of death.
- Unnatural death (accident, suicide, suspicious).
- Death from industrial disease.
- Death from negligence.
- Death during surgery or anaesthesia.
- Death within 24hrs of admission.
- Not seen by a doctor for 14 days.
- Patient detained under MHA.
Describe the organisation of cancer services and networks in the United Kingdom
EUROCARE study found that UK had one of the worst 5 year survival statistics in Europe:
- Differences in data collection.
- UK has an older population.
- Patients present later in UK.
- Lower social classes don’t access services.
- Poor access to treatment = delay in diagnostic pathways.
Calman-Hine report 1995:
- Concluded unacceptable variation in quality of treatment between hospitals = services were disjointed and outcomes were poor.
- So would be better to centralise treatment to improve quality, with primary care at the centre of this.
- Should ensure all patients have equal access to care.
- Public and professionals educated on recognising early signs.
- Services should be patient centered —> given clear info on treatment options and outcomes.
- Cancer registration and monitoring of outcomes is essential.
- Psychosocial needs of carers and patients recognised.
Calman-Hine report solution:
- Resulted in (via NHS Cancer Plan 5 years later) the formation of cancer networks - 3 levels of care:
- Primary care - prevention and early diagnosis.
- Cancer unit - treat common cancer, make diagnosis (non-complex chemo and surgery).
- Cancer centre - treat rare cancers, radiotherapy, complex chemo and surgery.
Reasons for centralising cancer care:
- Not cost effective to have resources for everything everywhere.
- Clinicians become more expert so better outcomes.
- Patients will receive better care for their specific conditions —> holistic care from integrated services.
Issues with centralising care:
- Some hospitals neglected with resources, which can worsen care.
- Cost of patient travel.
Strategic cancer network aims:
- Reduce incidence of cancer.
- Maximise cancer survival.
- Enhance QoL of patients and their families.
- Improve patient experience of cancer services.
- Provide high quality services.
Role of strategic cancer networks:
- Develop strategic plans for delivering better care.
- Implement national policies.
- Deliver improvements in care.
- Provide a communication channel between groups across network.
- Provide resources for research and audits.
National cancer research network - improve the infrastructure within NHS for clinical research in cancer.
National cancer research institute - develop common plans for cancer research and to avoid unnecessary duplication of studies.
Cancer reform strategy 2007:
- Prevention.
- Early diagnosis —> overcome barriers to healthcare, more screening, new referral guidelines.
- Better treatment —> reduced waiting times (2WW), improved clinical trials.
- Living with cancer and beyond —> charities and support.
- Inequality reduction.
- Delivering care in most appropriate setting.
Outline the ways in which the quality of cancer services are measured at local and national levels
Cancer registries collect/collate data and submit to the office for national statistics:
- Follow up patients.
- Comparison on incidence and survival.
- Evaluate screening programme effectiveness.
- Evaluate quality and outcomes of care.
- Evaluate environmental and social factors on cancer risk.
Give examples of some of the possible psychological consequencies of cancer treatment for patients and their relatives
- Change in physical appearance - hair loss, mastectomy (self-image)
- Depression/anxiety.
- Family/friend death forced to confront own mortality.
- Worry about leaving people behind.
- Grief.
- Uncertainty.
- Demanding physical health affects of chemo.
- Stress of editing carer or being cared for.
Outline healthy and unhealthy adjustment responses to physical symptoms and the impact of personal, family and cultural influences
Coping strategies
3 P’s of Public Health
- Heath protection
- Health promotion
- Disease prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary)
What form of prevention is screening?
Secondary - early detection of a disease.
Examples of primary prevention
Free condoms, immunisation, dental hygiene, healthy eating.
Levels of health promotion
Government, social/enviornmental, individual.
Define absolute risk
Chance of an event occurring (incidence).
ICS act
Health and social care act 2022
What is the role of the CQC?
Care quality commission - assess the quality of services and regulate standards in care.
Role of NICE
Provides evidence based guidelines
What is the most commonly reported medical error?
Incorrect drug dosage or drug prescribed
