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1
Q

examples of sensors

A

moisture sensors
temperature sensors
push to make (PTM) - doorbells, keyboards
reed switch - controlled by magnetic fields

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2
Q

examples of processes

A

ICs and microcontrollers

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3
Q

output examples

A

LEDs, buzzers, lamps, loudspeakers, motors

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4
Q

environmental controls of circuitry

A

RoHS - restriction of hazardous substances in electrical equipment such as lead, mercury

WEEE - waste electrical and electronic equipment, ensures safe disposal of obsolete circuitry eg batteries

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5
Q

surface treatments of paper and board

A

additives - to help ink dry, speeds up rate of printing so mass printing
embossing - gives texture through rollers
varnish - top coat of thin varnish such as UV varnish

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6
Q

surface treatments of timber and board

A

seasoning - wood is full of moisture so it is sliced and dried

tanalising - outdoor wood is dipped in preservative so it wont rot and is susceptible to insect attack

varnish - smooths and protects, wax/paint

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7
Q

polymer surface treatments

A

UV stabilising chemical can be added to reduce UV degradation
vinyl decals can be added to protect

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8
Q

metal surface treatments

A

annealing - heating a metal and allowing it to cool slowly so its ductile and easy to bend

dipcoating - heating metal and dipping in plastic granules which melt to make a smooth, conductive handle
powder coating - high pressure powder sprayed on
galvanising - ferrous metals rust, so coated ina protective layer of zinc

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9
Q

textile surface finishes

A

flame retardant
dye and ink
flame proof fibres
antistain additives

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10
Q

electronic surface finishes

A

photosensitive CB board has surface anodised with aluminium to improve hardness
laquer lubricates PCB to avoid damage from moisture

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11
Q

what is wastage

A

where material is cut away to form a shape

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12
Q

die cutting

A

cutting a shape by pressing a die cut shape through the material, sharp metal blade. cuts metal and polymers

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13
Q

perforation

A

line of cuts through thin material making easily ripped lines such as for cheques

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14
Q

lathes

A

material spins and tools shape it and shave layers off

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15
Q

milling

A

thin layer of metal removed each turn at a carefully measured depth and speed. can cut horizontally and vertically

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16
Q

saws

A

tenon, jigsaw, scroll, coping

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17
Q

shearing

A

like scissors but for metal

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18
Q

what is addition

A

where materials are added to form shapes

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19
Q

brazing

A

heats joints using brass/zinc to fill holes. uses spelter stick to fill the holes

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20
Q

welding

A

melts and fuses metal parts using a filler. can use electricity

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21
Q

soldering

A

joining using solder (an alloy) of tin and lead with a hot iron.

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22
Q

vaccum forming process

A

put mould on platform
thermoplastic heated
pulled over mould
vacuum sucks air
takes mould’s shape

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23
Q

drape moulding

A

shape the thermoforming polymers by heating sheet plastic until it is soft enough to drape over a mould and then sets

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24
Q

quality checks for paper, board, and fabric printing

A

registration marks to check print rollers and plates are in place - cross in circle

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25
quality checks go/no go
method of checking whether parts fit within limits
26
quality checks depth stops
pillar drills adjustable length
27
types of boards
chipboard - wood chips and sawdust compacted with glue MDF - processed pulp, flattened and dried plywood - thin layers of timber cut and glued at 90 degrees
28
4 scales of production
continuous mass batch one off
29
quality checks x4
depth stops laser cutters ink in printer measured exposure in PCBs clothing sampled
30
what is a cooperative
groups of people such as employees who share ownership of the business and work together to ensure fairtrade
31
how are companies more ethically friendly
dyson - vacuum cleaner has interhangable parts which are easy to repair fair trade fabrics fake fur to stop killing animals more factories reshored to stop transport and emissions
32
what is planned obsolescence
how long products are expected to last until they are obsolete and of no use.
33
how to shape paper
cutting - scissors, guillotine, lasercutter maybe even metal die creasing and scoring - perforating - dies or lasercutter
34
how to shape timber
cutting - saw drilling - pillar/power drill chiselling - electric routers sanding - sandpaper, filing planing - planer or power planer
35
how to shape metal
cutting - shears, guillotine, saw drilling - pillar/power drill milling casting - molten metal in mould HYDRAULIC PRESS - kitchen sinks, car parts
36
how to shape polymers
cutting drilling casting forming (vaccum) printing joining - liquid solvent cement
37
alloys examples
brass = brass + zinc used in decorative metal such as candles sticks pewter = tin +antimony + copper used in jewellery, cutlery
38
what metals can be forged by hand
iron and steel, hammered to form shapes such as gates, swords, horseshoes
39
sand casting metal process
moulds created with an oiled sand with an entrance (runner), and an exit (riser). cooled and then remoulded then trimmed. only used once
40
die casting
water cooled mould has molten metal injected into it then cooled. can be used repeatedly
41
pros of being renewable
after set up, energy supply is free energy source is infinite
42
deforestation cons.
hardwoods grow slowly so cant be replaced in a lifetime more carbon emissions less carbon offsetting damages watercycle - flooding less wildlife habitats
43
mining and drilling cons.
loss of habitat deforestation noise and light pollution water run off of chemicals unsustainable
44
farming cons.
more space needed so more deforestation and less offsetting
45
6rs hierarchy
refuse rethink reduce reuse repair recycle
46
levels of recycling
primary - reusing without modification secondary - modifying for different purpose tertiary - reprocessing to make new material
47
dynamic loads stress
static load force < dynamic load force
48
FORCE =
FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION
49
what is shear
opposite directions of horizontal force = vertical force
50
example of a logging concern agency
FSC - forest stewardship council tries to stop illegal logging and desertification
51
how can timber be processed
PAR - planed all round or rough sawn
52
how to make veneers mass production
rotational veneer production : the wood spins on a wheel thing and a sharp tool takes a thin strip off
53
advantages of using a board
large numbers so sheets with no faults/defects aesthetic flaws such as knots can be eliminated little finish needed made of wood that would otherwise go to landfill available in a vast range of surface finishes
54
disadv of boards
adhesives toxic traditional joints mat be less effective edges hard to finish prone to absorption of water
55
adv to stock froms
cost efficiency - minimises waste structural reliability - up to code time-saving - less cutting
56
joints
butt dowelled mitre housing mortise + tenon
57
how to bend wood easily
soaked in water - more malleable hot steam box
58
commercial cutting
saw drill milling
59
commercial turning
CNC lathe
60
smelting process
lava lamp / input \ / waste gas \ \ slag / \ molten iron/
61
ore of alumium
bauxite ore chemically refined using electrolysis
62
what is pig iron
like the beskar things where they pour it out of a crucible into moulds THE INGOTS ARE THE PIG IRON
63
what is duralumin
lightweight. aluminium alloy w copper magnesium and manganese used in aircrafts, car panels
64
what is pitch
the thichness of the thread on scres etc
65
types of rivets
pop rivets/cold formed rivets
66
adv of pop rivets
stronger than welding, only needs one side's access
67
cold formed rivets explain
they snap on with access to both sides
68
what is knurling
the lattice engraving on a torch eg for aesthetics or grip
69
what is the melted stick called in brazinf and welding
the spelter
70
what is work hardening
working a piece of metal makes it harder but also more brittle
71
what is annealing
heating the metal and cooling it to make it more malleable and to relieve internal stresses makes soldering stronger as it is more receptive
72
what is blanking
where the die is on the botto and the punch goes down on it and cuts the metal into x shape
73
what is temperign
the workpiece is reheated again and left to cool in the air which tempers it making it more tough and less brittle
74
what is hardening
the metal is heated to a temmperature then rapidly quenched in water/oil
75
finsihes on metal:
plastic dipcoating - insulation, ergonomics, aesthetics powder coating - electrostatically applied then cured zinc galvanising electroplating - other coat of metal on top sand blasting - sand/lead shot under pressure
76
types of polymers and examples
natural - latex/amber bioplastics - biopol soya, PLA corn synthetic - nylon, EPS for packaging
77
why are plastics good
good strength : weight ratio versatile raw materials cheap less processing energy easily mass produced less transport costs
78
why are plastics bad
use crude oil - finite pollution of CFCs and CO2 requies energy carcinogenic toxins in PVC unbiodegradable low cost -> throwaway plasticisers leach toxins
79
plastic additives
stabilisers - stop UV damage pigments plasticisers - more flexible fragrances antibacterial

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