General Flashcards

Question

Risk analysis steps

Answer 1

1. Hazard identification: is is a risk? --> in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological data 2. Dose-response evaluation: what is the threshold? --> modeling and experimental studies 3. Exposure evaluation: what is the source? --> water, aire, food, soil 4. Harm characterisation: what is the risk population? Literature review, biological sample | Recommendations done based on these steps ## Footnote Vener 2022; Faustmann 2015

Answer 2

* Proportionality: of risks and benefits * Justice: risks and benefits are distributed equally in the population * Autonomy: capacity of individuals to make decisions and respect their values * Feasibility: resources * Adapatability: to new info for risks, benefits and other considerations | Ricci et al, 2003; Weed DL, 2004 ## Footnote "Precaution at its core is prevention" (Weed DL, 2004)

Answer 3

*Non antropocentric* apporach to understand the relationship between human health, animal health and evironmental health ## Footnote Kelly A et al. 2014; Rabinowitz P and Conti L, 2013

Answer 4

* **Interdependence** of all health: not anthropocentric – humans, animals, environment * **Intersectoral** approach: collective needs, eg. Drinking water, climate change * Process of **collaboration**: reduce professional segregation between human and animal health (Rabinowitz, 2013), importance of veterinary medicine (Kelly, 2014)

Answer 5

Eg. Fires – climate change impact weather patterns, drier, impacts animal health, human health (people leaving homes, people chronic conditions esp. respiratory) Eg. Lyme disease and ticks – dogs are sentinels, getting ticks more often, climate change extending the fall season, earlier spring Eg. Antibiotics in agriculture – antibiotic resistance to Ceftiofur which combats salmonella, ban in 2004, reduced antibiotic resistance in chickens and then subsequently in humans, demonstrated the interdependence of animal and human health (2005-2008) (Dutil et al., 2018)

Answer 6

Ontology: Realism * 1 reality outside of mind Epistemology: Objectivist/dualist * Researcher can be separated to produce objective knowledge * Matter exist independent to mind and has laws Methodology: * Scientific method to experiement on a external reality * Observation and verification to test hypothesis Teology (purpose): Determine the laws of the world to predict phenomena Axiology (values): Objectivity | "Exterior looking" ## Footnote Vienna circle

Answer 7

Ontology: Critical vision on realism * 1 reality outside of mind which we can *partially* understand through observation and experimentation. Epistemology: Objectivist/dualist * Researcher can be separated to produce objective knowledge that is highly probable, but in the future can be falsified * Matter exist independent to mind and has laws Methodology: Falsification * Just because something happens many times doesn't mean ti will always happen (ex. humans not eating turkey from Jan to Sept) * Science is deductive: hypothesis --> deductions --> falsification --> Provisionaly true (until further falsification) * cimetière des idées Teology (purpose): Determine the laws of the world to predict phenomena Axiology (values): Objectivity | "Exterior looking" (Poupart J et al. 1997) ## Footnote Popper

Answer 8

Ontology: Relativist * There are many relative context-specific reailities * Reality is socially created (Berger and Luckmann, 1966): Role of history, language and culture * Object have existance outside but not meaning outside of human world Epistemology: Relativist (but not 100%) * There is no on right or objective meaning *but* there are criteria to get to the truth * Nuance understandings from people enrich our understandings of the world Methodology: Qualitative to study the dialectical process of social construction of reality | "Interior looking" (Poupart J et al. 1997) ## Footnote Agonism between realist and antirealist perspectives have brought a more mature view of science where both perspectives of science are needed (Lehoux P, 2001)

Answer 9

1. Externalization – express subjective reality with language 2. Objectivation – subjective reality becomes part of institutions, norms, values (external to individual) 3. Internalization – incorporate into individual consciousness, entrenched values ## Footnote Berger and Luckmann, 1966

Answer 10

Ontology of action * rather than representations of conceptualizations, it's our experiences the most important touch point with reality * Values action and impact on that reality rather than theory or philosophy * agonism between realism and relativism Epistemology of action * Kwoledge is built and modified through actions and interactions with people * There is a bidirectional relationship between knowledge and practice * Critical perspective on the usefulness: Knowledge is created by choosing the best tools to solve the problem * Explicit recognition of the limits of inquiry within time and context Methodology: mixed methods * Scientific inquiry and experimentation *but* recognizing its limitations and the influence of social structures * What is helpful and useful at the time * How to come up with better tools, less about understanding or describing the problem Teology (purpose): autonomy, skills, relationships Axiology (Values): usefulness, change, action "As scientists, we should not seek to mold the world to knowledge we have, but question ourselves if our understanding is helpful to the context" (Poupart J et al. 1997) ## Footnote Dewey; Willis JW et al. 2007; Creswell, 2007

Answer 11

Ontology: realism Epistemology: Feminist * The knower is always influenced by her/his situation--> knowledge is situated * Looking up, view from oppressed Methodology: mixed methods Teology (purpose): Undercover and disengtangle power relationships and empower the oppressed Axiology (values): justice, equity | The view from the bottom (those who are oppressed) (Poupart J et al. 1997 ## Footnote Willis JW et al. 2007; Poupart, 1997; Freire, 1972

Answer 12

"emerging practice to more granularly **predict and understand** public health **risks** and **customize** treatments for more **specific and homogenous sub-populations**, often using new data, technologies and methods” * big data driven and epidemiology – roots in infectious disease * Outstanding issues – how to account for community values and resources ## Footnote Dobbins M & Buckeridge D, 2020

Answer 13

Concerned with SDoH, relationship with environment, political drivers of health, need to return to Indigenous perspectives ## Footnote Baum F, 2008

Answer 14

**Agency** * Social basis: Individualism * Principle: Autonomy * Ethics: Human rights approach * Consequence in public health: Victim blaming * Interventions in public health: Individual behaviour change **Structure** * Social basis: Collectivism * Principle: Paternalism * Ethics: The greatest good for the greatest number * Consequence in public health: Oversocialize, collective good – may accrue more benefits to those with more agency * Interventions in public health: Socio-structural influence on development of health or illness | Baum F, 2008 ## Footnote From dualism to **duality**, Agonism --> Easier to conceptualize the integrated, multi-level, multi-strategy approach (Carroll, 2017)

Answer 15

* Lifecourse perspective: Give children a good start * Everyone can maximise capabilities and have control of their lives (Ottawa Charter, 1986) * Fair employment and good work * Healthy standard of living * Sustainable communities: active travel, public transport * Ill health prevention

Answer 16

Inequalities in health describe the differences in health between groups independent of any assessment of their fairness. Inequities refer to a subset of inequalities that are deemed unfair (avoidable, justice). ## Footnote Evans T et al. 2001

Answer 17

* Material (to live a decent life) * Psychosocial (have control of their lives) * Political (they need to be able to participate in decision making processes) ## Footnote Marmot 2007

Answer 18

Refers to the concept that people across the whole population gradient are entitled to social benefits proportionate to their needs. | Blends whole population, at-risk, vulnerable – rooted in equity ## Footnote Marmot M, 2020

Answer 19

Ban the box – to restrict criminal records being available to employers, and favor social insertion after prison. Unintended consequence: this created an inequity in that employers used race as a proxy for criminality and were 6 times less likely to call people of color back for job opportunies ## Footnote Wiseman et al., 2021

Answer 20

Causality is about mechanism, the explanation * causal explanation Shadish, 2002 (causality - which answers the why and why not with a counter factual) * Causality authors - Pearl J, 2018; Sourial N et al., 2018 Validity is about the reproducibility * causal description (experiments and logical inference, where validity and reproducibility is key) * Validity - Rothman, 2014; Campbell, 1965 | Tubulchinsky, 2013; Rothman, 2008; Klee, 1997; Shadish, 2002

Answer 21

* Social justice:develop the ability of people to realize their potential in the society in which they live * Health equity: the absence of avoidable differences in health among groups * Social determinants of health: the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age * Ecological determinants of health: natural resources, ozone layer, fertile soil, stable climate * Evidence-based public health: surveillance, types of evidence (Brownson 2009), participation and consultations, health impact assessment * Intersectorial action | Canadian Public Helath Association, 2017