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Neuroanatomy > General > Flashcards

General Flashcards

0
Q

This CNS disorder is a speech disorder. It is caused by muscle weakness and is characterized by poor strength, ROM, and/or speed.

A

Dysarthria

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1
Q

This CNS disorder is a language disorder. It is usually due to a neurological impairment in the left hemisphere, and affects receptive and expressive language.

A

Aphasia

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2
Q

This CNS disorder is a speech disorder. It is characterized by poor coordination and execution.

A

Apraxia

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3
Q

This CNS disorder is caused by diffuse brain damage resulting in cognitive dysfunction. Affected areas include attention, memory, organization, planning, and executive function.

A

TBI

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4
Q

This CNS disorder is characterized by poor spatial awareness and pragmatics. It also presents with poor recognition of the self and others. May result in left-hand neglect.

A

Right-Hemisphere Syndrome

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5
Q

This CNS disorder is a memory disorder. It can have a gradual or sudden onset, and often presents with behavioral changes as well.

A

Dementia

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6
Q

Accumulation of a plug of material at a specific site in a blood vessel. If it grows large enough to occlude a cerebral artery it can cause a stroke.

A

Thrombosis

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7
Q

A fragment that travels through a blood vessel. If it lodges and occludes an artery it can cause a stroke.

A

Embolus

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8
Q

A temporary disruption of cerebral circulation that causes a short-term disturbance of motor, sensory, or mental functions.

A

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

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9
Q

Balloon-like bulges in an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall. They are susceptible to hemorrhaging.

A

Aneurysm

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10
Q

Bleeding. Can be the result of a burst aneurysm.

A

Hemorrhage

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11
Q

Accumulation of blood from a hemorrhage.

A

Hematoma

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12
Q

Convoluted collections of weak, thin-walled veins and arteries on the brain’s surface or within the brain.

A

Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

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13
Q

Enlargement of the cerebral ventricles. Usually caused by obstruction of an intraventricular passageway but also can be a result of brain atrophy.

A

Hydrocephalus

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14
Q

Displacement of brain tissue by swelling or space-occupying lesions such as tumors or brain abscesses.

A

Herniation

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15
Q

Three features which affect the severity of an impairment.

A

Location, Magnitude, and Nature

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16
Q

These cells form the supporting tissue of the brain. Most of the cells of the brain are this type.

A

Glial cells

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17
Q

The neuron-rich outer layer of the brain hemispheres. Responsible for “higher mental processes” (thinking, reasoning, calculating, etc).

A

(Cerebral) Cortex

18
Q

A deep groove that divides each brain hemisphere into roughly equal front and back halves.

A

Central Sulcus/Fissure (aka Rolandic fissure; fissure of Rolando)

19
Q

A deep groove that separates the temporal lobe in each hemisphere from the frontal and parietal lobes.

A

Lateral Sulcus/Fissure (aka Sylvian fissure; fissure of Sylvius)

20
Q

A deep groove that separates the parietal and occipital lobes in both hemispheres.

A

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

21
Q

A deep groove in the occipital lobe of each hemisphere. It is adjacent to the visual cortex.

A

Calcarine Fissure

22
Q

The two brain hemispheres. Together with the diencephalon it’s what we call the “brain.” Controls all voluntary actions.

A

Cerebrum

23
Q

A deep central region within the brain hemispheres. Contains the thalamus and basal ganglia. It plays an important part in the regulation and integration of motor activity and sensory experience.

A

Diencephalon

24
Q

The major commissure connecting the brain hemispheres. Almost all neural communication between the hemispheres goes via this structure.

A

Corpus Callosum

25
Q

A pair of egg-shaped nuclei in the diencephalon. They are important for integration of sensory information, for regulating motor behavior, and they may regulate the overall activity of the cortex.

A

Thalamus

26
Q

A portion of the brain located within the diencephalon that contains a number of small nuclei. It is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Hypothalamus

27
Q

A paired structure of the limbic system. It regulates heartbeat and other visceral functions. Processes aggressive and sexual behavior, as well as fear.

A

Amygdala

28
Q

A paired structure of the limbic system. It is responsible for converting short-term memory into long-term memory.

A

Hippocampus

29
Q

Several nuclei in the diencephalon, near the thalamus. They are responsible for regulation of major muscle groups that make postural adjustments and compensate for inertial forces during movement.

A

Basal Ganglia

30
Q

A structure that looks like a miniature brain and lies beneath the posterior temporal lobes. It is important in integration and coordination of volitional movements.

A

Cerebellum

31
Q

A stalk-like structure at the base of the brain, atop the spinal cord. It contains cue terms that regulate some vital functions and contains most cranial nerve nuclei.

A

Brainstem

32
Q

The upper third of the brainstem, this is responsible for vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, alertness, and temperature regulation.

A

Midbrain

33
Q

The middle third of the brainstem, this contains three cranial nerve nuclei plus some nuclei concerned with balance and hearing.

A

Pons

34
Q

The bottom third of the brainstem, this contains five cranial nerve nuclei plus some centers concerned with hearing and balance. Pyramidal tract fibers decussate (cross the midline) here.

A

Medulla

35
Q

These cells form myelin in the CNS.

A

Oligodendrocytes

36
Q

These cells form myelin in the PNS.

A

Schwann Cells

37
Q

Neurotransmitter that mediates platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, control of food intake, peristalsis, and mood.

A

Seratonin

38
Q

Neurotransmitter that regulates the sympathetic nervous system affecting the rate if contractions of the heart.

A

Norepinephrine

39
Q

Neurotransmitter that plays important roles in motor control, motivation, arousal, cognition, and reward.

A

Dopamine

40
Q

The membranes between the skull and the brain. Consists of dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

A

Meninges

41
Q

The outermost and toughest layer of the meninges.

A

Dura Mater

42
Q

The middle layer of the meninges. It is weblike in structure and allows for movement of the brain.

A

Arachnoid

43
Q

The thinnest layer of the meninges which lies on the surface of the brain, closely encasing it like Saran Wrap.

A

Pia Mater

Neuroanatomy (3 decks)

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