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NAGE > Gene organisation and transcription 1 > Flashcards

Gene organisation and transcription 1 Flashcards

1
Q

explain the basic differences between DNA and RNA

A

D- Thymine R - uracil
D - deoxyribose as base (derivative) R - ribose (parent)
D - double stranded R - single stranded

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2
Q

What is transcription

A

The process in which nucleotide information in the DNA is copied into RNA

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3
Q

List the major classes of RNA and the classes of RNA polymerases involved in synthesising each of these

A

tRNA - RNA polymerase 3
mRNA - RNA polymerase 2
rRNA - RNA polymerase 1
5S RNA - RNA polymerase 3

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4
Q

what is a transcription factor

A

protein that regulates the transcription of a gene, either increases it or decreases it
binds to DNA

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5
Q

what is a gene promotor

A

DNA sequence where the initiation complex assembles

elongation reaction requires this initiation step

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6
Q

Describe the basic process of transcription

A

DNA unzips - helicase
complementary ribonucleotides base pair 5’-3’ to the antisense strand
joined by RNA polymerase 2 - forming phosphodiester bonds

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7
Q

Types of transcription factors

A

Transcriptional activators - can activate gene expression
Transcriptional repressor - suppress gene expression
Act collectively to bring specific/developmental/inducible gene expression

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8
Q

What is the anatomy of the gene promotor

A

Transcription binding site - control rate transcription

TATA - initiation point - transcription - platform to make initiation complex

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9
Q

Describe the basal transcription complex

A

Transcription binding site - control rate transcription

TATA - initiation point - transcription - platform to make initiation complex

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10
Q

Describe the function of the basal transcription complex

A 
allow RNA II Pol to be phosphorylated 
produce basal (low) level of transcription
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11
Q

Action of Transcription factors

A

bend DNA
interact with each other and DNA - modulate transcription
remodel chromatin - recruit enzymes that modify histones - acetylated histones are open, deacetylated histones are closed hyper/hypoacetylation correlates with gene expression

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12
Q

Factors affecting transcription factor expression

A 
cell lineage 
external signals: 
hormones
growth factors 
mechanical stress
heat 
cell contact 
light 
touch 
voltage
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13
Q

What do we say about a gene that is used in a cell

A

it is expressed

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14
Q

What is the name of genes expressed in all cells

A

housekeeping genes

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15
Q

what are housekeeping genes used for

A

normal cell function and viability

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16
Q

What do we mean by gene expression

A

initial product is RNA
can be functional - tRNA, mRNA, snRNA
template - mRNA
occurs in nucleus

17
Q

How is gene regulation involved in human disease

A

Mutated transcription factords in disorders
abnormal TF expression in cancer
Mutation affecting regulation of specific genes in human diseases

18
Q

Inflammation and TF

A

IkB - inhibitor for NFkB
NFkB -TF for cytokines that produce inflammatory response
initiator of inflammation casue IkB to be broken down - NFkB leaves cell and cytokines are produced.

19
Q

Asparin and inflammation

A

Aspirin stop break down of IkB
NFkB stays in cell
no inflammatory response

20
Q

Transcription factors and leukaemia

A

TF mutated by translocation - Philadelphia chromosome

TF activated - growth of tumours

21
Q

oestrogen and TF

A

cells that respond to oestrogen have oestrogen receptor

Oestrogen receptor is a TF, over half breast cancer over express this TF

22
Q

What are induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)

A

pluripotent stem cell generated directly from adult cell

23
Q

How can iPS be generated

A

inserting 4 TFs into adult cell

24
Q

What is encode

A

The ENCyclopaedia Of Dna Elements funded by national human genome research institute

25
Q

what is the aim of encode

A

Identify regions of transcription, TF association, chromatin structure and histone modification.

26
Q

Proportions within noncoding DNA

A

20% functional 60% non-functional

27
Q

What does functional non-coding DNA do

A

involved in regulation of the expression of coding genes - regulatoruy sites close and distant from gene

28
Q

Number point mutations involved in human disease in non-coding

A

90%

29
Q

places where regulation of gene expression can occur

A 
transcription 
RNA processing 
RNA transport 
RNA turnover
Translation 
protein activity

NAGE (9 decks)

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