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MCBG > Gene Expression - Transcription + Translation > Flashcards

Gene Expression - Transcription + Translation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Diamond Blackfan anaemia?

A

Decreased erythrocytes progenitor cells in bone marrow&raquo_space; anaemia
Mutation in ribosomal genes

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

A stretch of DNA
A unit of inheritance which is transferred from parent to offspring - determines characteristics of offspring

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3
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

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4
Q

Describe the start and end of protein structure

A

N terminal at start
C terminal at end

5 to 3 - N to C

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5
Q

Describe the start and end of mRNA structure

A

5’ at start
3’ at end

5 to 3 - N to C

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6
Q

What are the types of RNA

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

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7
Q

What are the 3 stages in DNA transcription?

A

1- initiation
2- elongation
3- termination

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8
Q

What is needed for transcription?

A

Enzyme - RNA polymerase
Active substrate - nucleotide triphosphates
Template - DNA

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9
Q

Identify 3 stop codons

A

UAA
UAG
UGA

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10
Q

Identity the start codon

A

AUG
Methionine

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11
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA is copied to mRNA by RNA polymerase

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12
Q

Describe initiation in transcription

A

Transcription factors bind to promote
RNA polymerase follows + binds

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13
Q

Describe elongation in transcription

A
  • DNA strand unwinds
  • RNA polymerase reads nucleotide sequence of template strand > mRNA is made 5’ to 3’
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14
Q

Describe termination in transcription

A
  • RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene
  • RNA polymerase stops adding nucleotides to pre mRNA
  • mRNA is released
  • DNA strands reform double helix
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15
Q

What is an intron?

A

Sequences in pre-mRNA that is spliced out
Not transcribed
Non coding section

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16
Q

What is an exon?

A

Coding section
Sequence in pre-mRNA that is transcribed

17
Q

Outline the process of RNA splicing

A

Removal of introns from pre-mRNA to form mature RNA of only exons

18
Q

How are mRNA molecules processed?

A
  • nucleotide cap - 5’ cap
  • poly-A-tail - at 3’ end

Provide protection against degradation

19
Q

What is polydenylation?

A

Addition of poly A tail

20
Q

How is mature mRNA released?

A

Exported from nucleus into cytoplasm via nuclear pores for translation to occur

21
Q

What is needed for translation?

A

Enzyme - ribosome
Active substrates - amino acids
Template - mRNA

22
Q

What is translation?

A

Process in which ribosomes produce polypeptides from mRNA

23
Q

Describe the structure and function of ribosomes

A

Structure - cytoplasmic organelle with large and small subunit

Function - site of polypeptide synthesis

24
Q

What are the types of ribosomes?

A
  • Free ribosomes - float in cytoplasm
  • Bound ribosomes - attached to rough ER
25
Q

Explain the role of ribosomes in translation

A
  • Large subunit contains rRNA which acts as an enzyme
  • rRNA makes peptides bonds between amino acids to form a polypeptide in translation
26
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Brings amino acids to the mRNA ribosome complex in translation

27
Q

What are the attachment sites for tRNA?

A
  • Anticodon - pairs with complementary codon of mRNA
  • Site off attachment for amino acid
28
Q

Describe initiation in translation

A
  • 5’ end of mRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit and anticodon of initiator
  • tRNA brings amino acid methionine which pairs with AUG start codon
29
Q

Describe elongation in translation

A
  • tRNA bring complementary amino acids to growing peptide chain
  • rRNA forms peptide bonds between amino acids
30
Q

Describe termination in translation

A
  • occurs when ribosome reaches a stop codon
  • release factors binds to stop codons
  • polypeptide, mRNA + tRNA released from ribosome
31
Q

Distinguish between the function of DNA replication, transcription and translation

A

DNA replication - making DNA
DNA transcription - making RNA
DNA translation - making polypeptide

32
Q

Distinguish between the enzymes used in DNA replication, transcription and translation

A

DNA replication- DNA polymerase
DNA transcription - RNA polymarse
DNA translation - rRNA

33
Q

Distinguish between the active substrate used in DNA replication, transcription and translation

A

DNA replication- dNTPs
DNA transcription - NTPs
DNA translation - amino acids

34
Q

Distinguish between the template needed in DNA replication, transcription and translation

A

DNA replication- DNA
DNA transcription - DNA
DNA translation - mRNA

35
Q

What is the role of the promoter region in gene expression?

A
  • required for initiation of transcription
  • permits RNA polymerase to bind
  • controls timing of transcription

MCBG (9 decks)

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