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NCEA LVL 2 BIO > Gene Expression Definitions > Flashcards

Gene Expression Definitions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anticodon

A

Three consecutive bases on the tRNA

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2
Q

Codon

A

Three consecutive bases on the mRNA

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3
Q

Deletion Mutation

A

A mutation on the DNA where a base(s) is removed, resulting in a frame shift

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4
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid, contains the genetic code, double stranded helix shaped molecule

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5
Q

Enzyme

A

A folded protein which acts as a biological catalyst to speed up the rate of chemical reaction in an organism

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6
Q

Frameshift

A

Change in the bases that the ribosome reads

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7
Q

Gene

A

A piece of DNA which codes for a polypeptide chain in the making of a protein/feature

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8
Q

Gene Expression

A

The process where the instructions on our DNA are converted into a functional protein, includes transcription, translation, and protein folding

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9
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic make-up of an organism for a feature

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10
Q

Insertion Mutation

A

A mutation on the DNA where a base(s) is added resulting in a frame shift

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11
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

A series of enzyme-controlled reactions, where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next

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12
Q

Missense Mutation

A

A change of the bade on the DNA which codes for a different amino acid. This may or may not alter the shape of the protein and therefore it’s function

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13
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA. Made during transcription in the nucleus. Carries the instructions to the ribosome to make a polypeptide chain. Contains codons

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14
Q

Mutagen

A

Environmental factor which causes the mutation

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15
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in the bases on the DNA

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16
Q

Non-sense Mutation

A

A change of base on the DNA which changes the instructions, so a STOP codon occurs in the wrong place. Protein is greatly affected

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17
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Bond formed between 2 amino acids during translation

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of a feature

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19
Q

Point Mutation

A

A change of only one or a few bases on the DNA

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20
Q

Protein

A

A substance made up of many amino acids joined together to form a polypeptide chain, which gets folded into a functional protein (enzymes are a type of protein)

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21
Q

Redundancy

A

The fact that multiple codons code for the same amino acid

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22
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid. A bonds with U and G bonds with C. Three types, tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA. Single stranded and shorter than DNA. Sugar is ribose

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23
Q

Same-sense Mutation

A

A change of the bade on the DNA where the bases still code for the same amino acid. This is due to the redundancy of the genetic code

24
Q

Silent Mutation

A

A mutation that is neither favourable nor harmful, that remains in a population

25
Q

Start Codon

A

The starts signals on the mRNA which initiates translation. Always AUG

26
Q

Stop Codon

A

These. 3 codons on the mRNA (UAA, UAG, UGA) do not code for an amino acid therefore telling the ribosome where to stop translation

27
Q

Substitution Mutation

A

A mutation where the base(s) on the DNA are swapped

28
Q

Transcription

A

The process by which DNA turns to mRNA, occurs in the nucleus. Controlled by RNA polymerase

29
Q

Translation

A

The process by which mRNA turns into a polypeptide chain, occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome

30
Q

Triplet

A

Three consecutive bases on the DNA

31
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA. Carries an amino acid to the ribosome. The 3 bases on the tRNA is an anticodon

32
Q

Fibrous Proteins

A

Polypeptide chains form tough rope-like bundles. Have a mechanical function such as support and protection. E.g. tendons, ligaments, muscles, and bones.

33
Q

Globular Proteins

A

Polypeptide chains folded irregularly into a globe-shaped molecule. Have a chemical function. E.g. Haemoglobin for Oxygen transport

34
Q

Animo Acids

A

The information for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is stored in a gene.

35
Q

Primary Structure

A

The sequence of amino acids. Is different for each protein

36
Q

Secondary Structure

A

When the primary structure is bent or twisted regularly to form an alpha helix or a pleated sheet

37
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Globular proteins are bent further and irregularly to from a complex globular shape - the tertiary structure

38
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Some globular proteins are made up of two or more polypeptide chains held loosely together

39
Q

DNA Structure

A

Made up of repeating units called nucleotides (each strand is a polynucleotide chain). Shaped as a double helix. Nucleotides consist of a phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base (A, T, C, G)

40
Q

Complementary Base Pairs

A

Adenine (A) - Thymine (T)/Uracil (U)

Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C)

41
Q

The Promoter

A

The region of a gene that turns it “on” and “off” and signals the site of transcription

42
Q

The Coding Region

A

The region of a gene that is the base sequence along the length of the gene that is responsible for the sequence of amino acids for the final protein

43
Q

The Terminator

A

The region of a gene that signals the end point of transcription

44
Q

Intron

A

The non-coding regions of a gene that are not needed for the formation of a protein

45
Q

Exon

A

The Coding region of a gene that is needed for the formation of a protein

46
Q

The “Redundant” Code

A

A single amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon

47
Q

Spontaneous Mutation

A

The result of errors in natural biological processes. They can occur due to errors in DNA replication, repairs, and recombination

48
Q

Carcinogen

A

A cancer-causing mutagen

49
Q

Radiation

A

Ionising radiation or UV radiation. Damages the DNA strand causing the loss/fusing of bases

50
Q

Chemical Compounds

A

Can replace normal bases in DNA (Base analogues), become inserted between bases, damage bases, break DNA strands, or cross-link bases

51
Q

Gene Mutation

A

Mutation that occurs within a gene and changes the sequence of DNA bases. There are two types of gene mutations - Base substitution, Base insertion/deletion

52
Q

Somatic Mutations

A

Alterations that occur after conception and can occur in any of the cells of the body except the gametes. Not passed on to the offspring

53
Q

Gametic Mutations

A

Alterations that occur in the gametes and can be passed on

54
Q

Base Substitution

A

The replacement of one base by another. Can cause a change in the amino acid that if coded for

55
Q

Base Insertion/Deletion

A

Results in a reading frameshift. No protein is formed or a protein is formed that has no biological function/severely impaired function

56
Q

Metabolism

A

Refers to all of the chemical processes that take place within cells. Provides energy for the cell and provides the substances the cell needs for its structure and products

57
Q

Negative Feedback

A

When a sufficient amount of the end product has been made the accumulation of the end product informs the pathway to shut down production.

NCEA LVL 2 BIO (5 decks)

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