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NCEA LVL 2 BIO > Gene Expression Definitions > Flashcards

Gene Expression Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Anticodon

A

Three consecutive bases on the tRNA

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2
Q

Codon

A

Three consecutive bases on the mRNA

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3
Q

Deletion Mutation

A

A mutation on the DNA where a base(s) is removed, resulting in a frame shift

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4
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid, contains the genetic code, double stranded helix shaped molecule

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5
Q

Enzyme

A

A folded protein which acts as a biological catalyst to speed up the rate of chemical reaction in an organism

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6
Q

Frameshift

A

Change in the bases that the ribosome reads

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7
Q

Gene

A

A piece of DNA which codes for a polypeptide chain in the making of a protein/feature

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8
Q

Gene Expression

A

The process where the instructions on our DNA are converted into a functional protein, includes transcription, translation, and protein folding

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9
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic make-up of an organism for a feature

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10
Q

Insertion Mutation

A

A mutation on the DNA where a base(s) is added resulting in a frame shift

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11
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

A series of enzyme-controlled reactions, where the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next

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12
Q

Missense Mutation

A

A change of the bade on the DNA which codes for a different amino acid. This may or may not alter the shape of the protein and therefore it’s function

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13
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA. Made during transcription in the nucleus. Carries the instructions to the ribosome to make a polypeptide chain. Contains codons

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14
Q

Mutagen

A

Environmental factor which causes the mutation

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15
Q

Mutation

A

A permanent change in the bases on the DNA

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16
Q

Non-sense Mutation

A

A change of base on the DNA which changes the instructions, so a STOP codon occurs in the wrong place. Protein is greatly affected

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17
Q

Peptide Bond

A

Bond formed between 2 amino acids during translation

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of a feature

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19
Q

Point Mutation

A

A change of only one or a few bases on the DNA

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20
Q

Protein

A

A substance made up of many amino acids joined together to form a polypeptide chain, which gets folded into a functional protein (enzymes are a type of protein)

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21
Q

Redundancy

A

The fact that multiple codons code for the same amino acid

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22
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid. A bonds with U and G bonds with C. Three types, tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA. Single stranded and shorter than DNA. Sugar is ribose

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23
Q

Same-sense Mutation

A

A change of the bade on the DNA where the bases still code for the same amino acid. This is due to the redundancy of the genetic code

24
Q

Silent Mutation

A

A mutation that is neither favourable nor harmful, that remains in a population

25
Start Codon
The starts signals on the mRNA which initiates translation. Always AUG
26
Stop Codon
These. 3 codons on the mRNA (UAA, UAG, UGA) do not code for an amino acid therefore telling the ribosome where to stop translation
27
Substitution Mutation
A mutation where the base(s) on the DNA are swapped
28
Transcription
The process by which DNA turns to mRNA, occurs in the nucleus. Controlled by RNA polymerase
29
Translation
The process by which mRNA turns into a polypeptide chain, occurs in the cytoplasm on the ribosome
30
Triplet
Three consecutive bases on the DNA
31
tRNA
Transfer RNA. Carries an amino acid to the ribosome. The 3 bases on the tRNA is an anticodon
32
Fibrous Proteins
Polypeptide chains form tough rope-like bundles. Have a mechanical function such as support and protection. E.g. tendons, ligaments, muscles, and bones.
33
Globular Proteins
Polypeptide chains folded irregularly into a globe-shaped molecule. Have a chemical function. E.g. Haemoglobin for Oxygen transport
34
Animo Acids
The information for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is stored in a gene.
35
Primary Structure
The sequence of amino acids. Is different for each protein
36
Secondary Structure
When the primary structure is bent or twisted regularly to form an alpha helix or a pleated sheet
37
Tertiary Structure
Globular proteins are bent further and irregularly to from a complex globular shape - the tertiary structure
38
Quaternary Structure
Some globular proteins are made up of two or more polypeptide chains held loosely together
39
DNA Structure
Made up of repeating units called nucleotides (each strand is a polynucleotide chain). Shaped as a double helix. Nucleotides consist of a phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base (A, T, C, G)
40
Complementary Base Pairs
Adenine (A) - Thymine (T)/Uracil (U) | Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C)
41
The Promoter
The region of a gene that turns it "on" and "off" and signals the site of transcription
42
The Coding Region
The region of a gene that is the base sequence along the length of the gene that is responsible for the sequence of amino acids for the final protein
43
The Terminator
The region of a gene that signals the end point of transcription
44
Intron
The non-coding regions of a gene that are not needed for the formation of a protein
45
Exon
The Coding region of a gene that is needed for the formation of a protein
46
The "Redundant" Code
A single amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon
47
Spontaneous Mutation
The result of errors in natural biological processes. They can occur due to errors in DNA replication, repairs, and recombination
48
Carcinogen
A cancer-causing mutagen
49
Radiation
Ionising radiation or UV radiation. Damages the DNA strand causing the loss/fusing of bases
50
Chemical Compounds
Can replace normal bases in DNA (Base analogues), become inserted between bases, damage bases, break DNA strands, or cross-link bases
51
Gene Mutation
Mutation that occurs within a gene and changes the sequence of DNA bases. There are two types of gene mutations - Base substitution, Base insertion/deletion
52
Somatic Mutations
Alterations that occur after conception and can occur in any of the cells of the body except the gametes. Not passed on to the offspring
53
Gametic Mutations
Alterations that occur in the gametes and can be passed on
54
Base Substitution
The replacement of one base by another. Can cause a change in the amino acid that if coded for
55
Base Insertion/Deletion
Results in a reading frameshift. No protein is formed or a protein is formed that has no biological function/severely impaired function
56
Metabolism
Refers to all of the chemical processes that take place within cells. Provides energy for the cell and provides the substances the cell needs for its structure and products
57
Negative Feedback
When a sufficient amount of the end product has been made the accumulation of the end product informs the pathway to shut down production.

NCEA LVL 2 BIO (5 decks)

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