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Genes and early embryology > Gene expression > Flashcards

Gene expression Flashcards

1
Q

What are two purines

A

Guanine

Adenine

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2
Q

What are the two pyrimidines

A

Thymine

Cytosine

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3
Q

What type of helical structure does RNA have

A

right handed

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4
Q

Is RNA more reactive or DNA and why

A

RNA- has 2’OH

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5
Q

What are all cellular RNA’s transcribed from

A

DNA templates

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6
Q

What is the production of RNA from DNA carried out by

A

DNA-dependent RNA polymerases

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7
Q

Whats the tole of RNA polymerase

A

Couples together ribonucleotide triphosphatases (NTPs: ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP)

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8
Q

Where does RNA polymerase work and what is it driven by

A

On DNA template

-driven by release and hydrolysis of PPi

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9
Q

What contains RNAP

A

All cells

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10
Q

Why is RNA synthesis easier in prokaryotes

A

RNA synthesis is initiated at DNA specific sites;

  • expression involves small, single stand genome portions
  • no primer needed and template fully conserved
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11
Q

what does the DNA serve as in prokaryotic transcription

A

Antisense/noncoding strand

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12
Q

What is the same sequence as sense/coding strand

A

RNA (except for T)

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13
Q

What are structural genes

A

Protein-coding genes

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14
Q

How are structural genes transcribed in eukaryotes

A

Transcribed individually

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15
Q

How are structural genes transcribed in prokaryotes

A

Transcribed together

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16
Q

where is transcription initiated

A

At a promoter

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17
Q

Where does RNAP bind

A

Initiation site through base sequence known as promoters

18
Q

Where do promoters lie

A

Lies upstream of RNA’s starting molecule

19
Q

In which direction does RNA synthesis proceed

A

5-3

20
Q

What does the binding of the RNAP holoenzyme lead to

A

DNA ‘melting’ (separation) in its vicinity (transcription bubble)

21
Q

What does the formation of. a transcription bubble allow

A

Allows complementary RNA strand synthesis

the bubble travels with RNAp

22
Q

What does a processive RNA polymerase mean

A

Does not dissociate from template

23
Q

When can protein synthesis begin before RNA is completely synthesized

A

In prokaryotes

24
Q

How is transcription terminated in prokaryotes

A

DNA contains specific termination sites

25
Q

What does the RNA transcript form

A

A self complementary hairpin

26
Q

What does the self complementary hairpin do

A

Causes RNAP to pause

-permits RNAP conformational change allowing termination

27
Q

What does the transcriptional machinery in eukaryotes require

A

Over 100 polypeptides to function

28
Q

How are RNAP’s different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Greater mass in eukaryotes and greater subunit complexity

29
Q

What are required for RNAP 2 transcription

A

General transcription factors

30
Q

What are GTFs often targeted to and by what

A

TATA box by TATA binding proteins

31
Q

What does RNAP 2 do

A

initiates RNA synthesis

32
Q

After RNAP 2 initiates RNA synthesis, what does transcription machinery do

A

switch to elongation mode

33
Q

What do eukaryotes lack

A

precise transcription termination sites

34
Q

What does rifamycin B do

A

Inhibits only prokaryotic transcription

-prevents elongation

35
Q

What does actinomycin D do

A

Binds to duplex DNA and inhibits DNA replication and transcription of eukaryotes and prokaryotes
-It interferes with polymerase passage

36
Q

What does alpha-amanitin do

A

Tightly binds to RNAP 2 and blocks the elongation step

37
Q

What do eukaryotes display more of than prokaryotes

A

pre-mRNA processing

38
Q

What is RNA capping

A

RNA polymerase contains a CTD. When phosphorylated it recruits the Capping enzyme complex which modifies the 5’end

39
Q

What does capping provide

A

Resistance to degradation and id of translation start site

40
Q

What is polyadenylation and what does it do

A

Part of transcription termination

  • influences mRNA stability
  • prevents degradation when in a complex
41
Q

What carries out splicing

A

spliceosomes

42
Q

What are snRNAs

A

small nuclear RNA’s

Genes and early embryology (12 decks)

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