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ESA1 - Medical Cell Biology and Genetics > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the process of making mRNA from DNA called?

A

Transcription

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2
Q

What is the process of making proteins from mRNA?

A

Translation

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3
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

What is a gene?

A

Stretch of DNA with a chromosomal locus

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6
Q

Is mRNA single stranded or double stranded?

A

Single stranded

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7
Q

What are the three stages of transcription and translation called?

A

Initiation, elongation and termination

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8
Q

What is the enzyme involved in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

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9
Q

What are the activated substrates involved in transcription?

A

NTPs

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10
Q

What are the activated substrates involved in translation?

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

How is transcription initiated?

A

Recognition and binding of promoter region

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12
Q

In which direction does transcription occur?

A

5’ to 3’

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13
Q

What is a TATA box?

A

A type of promoter sequence that can initiate transcription

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14
Q

What can the DNA template strand also be known as?

A

Non-coding strand

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15
Q

What sequence does the DNA template strand have?

A

Has a complimentary sequence to mRNA

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16
Q

What sequence does the DNA coding strand have?

A

Same sequence as mRNA, complementary sequence to template strand

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17
Q

What are the 3 steps involved in RNA processing?

A

Capping, tailing and splicing

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18
Q

What is capping of RNA?

A

Methylated guanine cap is added to the 5’ end to protect against degradation

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19
Q

What is tailing/polyadenylation of RNA?

A

PolyA tail is added at the 3’ end to protect against degradation

20
Q

What is splicing?

A

Removal of introns from pre-mRNA

21
Q

What happens to mRNA after it is processed?

A

Moves out of nuclear pores and into the cytoplasm to be used as a template for translation

22
Q

Why does capping protect against degradation?

A

A 5’-5’ linkage is created which is unusual

23
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

Ribosomal RNA and different proteins

24
Q

In eukaryotes, what are the subunits of the 80S ribosome?

A

40S and 60S subunits

25
Q

In eukaryotes, how many rRNAs and proteins are there in ribosomes?

A

3 rRNAs and 56 proteins

26
Q

What are the 5 types of RNA?

A

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, miRNA and noncoding RNA

27
Q

What makes up most of the RNA in a cell?

A

rRNA

28
Q

Which type of RNA does RNA polymerase I make?

A

rRNA

29
Q

Which type of RNA does RNA polymerase II make?

A

mRNA

30
Q

Which type of RNA does RNA polymerase III make?

A

tRNA

31
Q

Which type of RNA are there few kinds but many copies?

A

rRNA

32
Q

Which type of RNA are there many kinds but few copies?

A

mRNA

33
Q

What is meant by the degenerate nature of the genetic code?

A

Some amino acids have multiple codons

34
Q

What are some features of the genetic code?

A

Triplet code, degenerate, non-overlapping

35
Q

In which direction is polypeptide chain extension?

A

N terminus to C terminus

36
Q

What is the initiation codon?

A

AUG (methionine)

37
Q

What are the termination codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

38
Q

What is the shape of tRNA?

A

Clover

39
Q

How are stem loops formed in tRNA?

A

Hydrogen bonds are formed between anti-parallel, complementary sequences

40
Q

What is inosine?

A

Nucleoside formed when hypoxanthine is attached to ribose

41
Q

What are wobble base pairs?

A

A wobble base pair is a pairing between two nucleotides in RNA molecules that does not follow Watson-Crick base pair rules.

42
Q

What are the four main wobble base pairs?

A

G-U, I-U, I-A, I-C

43
Q

Which codon specifies the first amino acid in any protein?

A

AUG

44
Q

Why are there only a few kinds of rRNA but many different kinds of mRNA?

A

This is because not many kinds of rRNA are needed to form ribosomes but as there are many kinds of proteins that mRNA make, there must be lots of different kinds

45
Q

Why does DNA polymerase have the ability to proofread but this capacity is limited in RNA polymerases?

A

DNA polymerase errors will be propagated to other cells and changes will be inherited

46
Q

Cordycepin inhibits the synthesis of mRNA. How does this work?

A

It can be incorporated into RNA and inhibit transcription and the synthesis of mRNA due to the absence of the hydroxyl group at the 3’ position so no sugar-phosphate bonds can be formed

47
Q

What is cordycepin?

A

Also known as 3’-deoxyadenosine. It is a deriverative of the nucleoside adenosine but lacks the OH group in the 3’ position of its ribose part.

ESA1 - Medical Cell Biology and Genetics (18 decks)

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