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Biochemistry module 7 > Gene expression > Flashcards

Gene expression Flashcards

1
Q

Cell specificity___________ is determined by gene expression

A

Phenotype

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2
Q

Nucleotides that made DNA

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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3
Q

Each nucleotide is made up of?

A

Base ( nitrogenous)
Sugar ( 5 carbons)
Phosphate group

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4
Q

Contains genetic information

A

DNA

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5
Q

Nucleotides that made RNA

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Guanine
Adenine

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6
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

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7
Q

Largest RNA

A

mRNA

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8
Q

Numerous RNA

A

rRNA

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9
Q

Smallest RNA

A

tRNA

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10
Q

Only portions of the DNA are transcribed

A

RNA

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11
Q

Proteins are made up of amino acids, and each amino acids has?

A

Amino group

Carboxylic acid group

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12
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Double stranded
Negatively charged
Long sequence

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13
Q

Structure of RNA

A

Single stranded

Short sequence

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14
Q

Location of DNA

A

Nucleus or nucleoid body

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15
Q

Location of RNA

A

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

Location of proteins

A

Ribosome

Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

Process of DNA

A

Replication

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18
Q

Process of RNA

A

Transcription

Translation

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19
Q

Expression of a gene is increased by a factor activator

A

Positive regulation

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20
Q

Expression of a gene is decreased by a factor repressor

A

Negative regulation

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21
Q

Increased gene expression dependent upon the continued presence of the inducing signal

A

Type A response

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22
Q

Either activator or repressor

A

Effector

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23
Q

Increased gene expression that is transient despite the continued presence of the inducing signal

A

Type B response

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24
Q

Increased gene expression that persist and is irreversible even after the termination of the signal

A

Type C response

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25
Q

Commonly observed in prokaryotes in response to sudden changes in the intracellular concentration of the nutrients

A

Type A response

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26
Q

Characterizes the action of many drugs.

Commonly occurs during the developmant of the organism

A

Type B response

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27
Q

Typically occurs during the development of differentiated function in tissue or organ

A

Type C response

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28
Q

No nucleus, no post transcriptional modifications

A

Prokaryotes

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29
Q

Maybe polcistronic or multiple genes

A

Prokaryotes

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30
Q

Model for study of gene expression in humans.

Control of trnscription

On and off switching is usually seen

A

Prokaryotic gene expression

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31
Q

Example of prokaryotic gene expression

A

Lac OPeron

Bacteriphage Lambda

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32
Q

No lactose or with lactose but with high glucose

A

Repressed state

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33
Q

With high lactose and no glucose

A

Activated state

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34
Q

Lac operon composed of

A 
Promoter site
Operator
lac1
lacZ
lacY
lacA
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35
Q

In lac operon, what is the inducer?

A

Lactose

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36
Q

Cannot transcribe operator and dsital genes if there is low lactose and higher glucose

A

RNA polymerase

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37
Q

Produce repressor sub unit

A

lac1

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38
Q

Repressor sub unit is

A

Protein

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39
Q

Inactivate the repressors that lead to RNA polymerase to transcribed

A

Inducers

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40
Q

Break down glucose

A

Beta galactosidase protein

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41
Q

Allows the enter of lactose

A

Permease protein

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42
Q

Lac Operon found in the genes of the?

A

Intestinal E. coli

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43
Q

Negative regulator

A

Lac1,

Repressing by increased lactose or inducer

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44
Q

Positive regulator

A

CAP-cAMP

Activator of promoter region that leads to decrease of glucose

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45
Q

When the reppressor gene is on

A

Cro gene is off

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46
Q

Reppressor gene is both

A 
Positive regulator ( activate itself)
Negative regulator ( inhibits cro gene)
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47
Q

Cro promoter

A

Or1 and Or2

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48
Q

Responsible fr dormacy of virus

A

If the repressor protein concentration becomes too high, it will attach to OR3 and diminish transcription of repressor gene until repressor protein concentration drops

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49
Q

When Cro gene is activated

A

Lytic pathway is irreversible

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50
Q

Repressor promoter

A

Or3 and Or2

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51
Q

Give way to RNA polymerase to pass through

A

Ultraviolet inducer

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52
Q

Gene for cro

A

Detructive

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53
Q

More complicated than prokaryotic gene expression with several mechanisma for control

A

Eukaryotic gene expression

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54
Q

Eukaryotes have a

A

Nuclei
Histones
Chromosomes

55
Q

RNA undergoes

A

Post transcriptional process

56
Q

Eukaryotes transcription

A

Not simple on and off switch

57
Q

B globin gene is in the active chromatin in

A

Reticulocyte

58
Q

B globin gene is in the inactive chomatin in

A

Muscle cell

59
Q

Decreases binding of histone to DNA allowing access to transcription factors

A

Acetylation

60
Q

May cause gross changes in chromatin which inhibits transcription

A

Methylation of deoxycitiine residues

61
Q

Distrupt nucleosomal structure

A

Binding of specific transcription factors

62
Q

DNA sequences that different fom pomoters

A

Enhancers/silencers

63
Q

Active only when it exist within the same DNA moleule asthe promoter

A

Enhancers

64
Q

Locus control region

A

Enhncers

65
Q

B globin gene is in the active chromatin in

A

Reticulocyte

66
Q

B globin gene is in the inactive chomatin in

A

Muscle cell

67
Q

Decreases binding of histone to DNA allowing access to transcription factors

A

Acetylation

68
Q

May cause gross changes in chromatin which inhibits transcription

A

Methylation of deoxycitiine residues

69
Q

Distrupt nucleosomal structure

A

Binding of specific transcription factors

70
Q

DNA sequences that different fom pomoters

A

Enhancers/silencers

71
Q

Active only when it exist within the same DNA moleule asthe promoter

A

Enhancers

72
Q

Locus control region

A

Enhncers

73
Q

Organism in Helix turn helix

A

E coli
Phage
Mammals

74
Q

Organism in zinc finger

A 
E coli
Yeast
Drosophila
Xenopus
Mammals
75
Q

Organism in leucine zipper

A

Yeast

Mammals

76
Q

Used in immunoglobulins

A

Alternative polyadenylation sites

77
Q

Used to create 7 unique alpha-tropomyosin mRnas in seven different tissues

A

Alternative splicing and processing

78
Q

mRNAs are stabilized or destabilize through interaction of ____________ in the cytoplasm

A

Proteins

79
Q

During development or in response to drugs, hundred of rRNA and tRNA genes can be used to produce hundreds of copies

A

Amplification

80
Q

Organized into loops that are anchored by a nuclear scaffold containing several proteins

Aka nuucleosome or nucleofilament

A

Polynucleosome

81
Q

DNA + histones

A

Chromatin

82
Q

5 classes of positively charged proteins ( h in arginine and lysine ) that form ionic bonds with negatively charged DNA

A

Histones

83
Q

2 molecules

A

H2a, h2b, h3 h4

84
Q

1 molecule attach to linker DNA

A

H1

85
Q

Dna is further packed due to

A

Hydrophobic

86
Q

Densely packed and transcriptionally inactive chromatin during interphase

A

Heterochromatin

87
Q

Non densely packed transcriptionally active chromatin

A

Euchromatin

88
Q

Organized into loops that are anchored by a nuclear scaffold containing several proteins

Aka nuucleosome or nucleofilament

A

Polynucleosome

89
Q

DNA + histones

A

Chromatin

90
Q

5 classes of positively charged proteins ( h in arginine and lysine ) that form ionic bonds with negatively charged DNA

A

Histones

91
Q

2 molecules

A

H2a, h2b, h3 h4

92
Q

1 molecule attach to linker DNA

A

H1

93
Q

Dna is further packed due to

A

Hydrophobic

94
Q

Densely packed and transcriptionally inactive chromatin during interphase

A

Heterochromatin

95
Q

Non densely packed transcriptionally active chromatin

A

Euchromatin

96
Q

Organized into loops that are anchored by a nuclear scaffold containing several proteins

Aka nuucleosome or nucleofilament

A

Polynucleosome

97
Q

Involved in gene expression, DNA replication, DNA repair, gene activation and supression

A

Core histones

98
Q

Beads on a string appearance

A

Core histones

99
Q

Coding regions

A

Exons

100
Q

Non coding intervening sequences

A

Introns

101
Q

Mammalian genome

A

<25,000 protein

102
Q

Unique and nonrepetitive sequences 50%

A

Eukaryotic organism

103
Q

Repetitive sequences 30%

A

Centromeres and telomeres

104
Q

1% of cellular DNA is in

A

Mitochondria

105
Q

Stop codons

A

Uga encodes w aga and agg

106
Q

Occured in gonads

A

Meiosis

107
Q

Protein NH2 DNA replication

A 
Met
Gly
Leu
Ser
Asp
108
Q

DNA replication occurs during the ______ of cell cycle

A

S phase

109
Q

Prokaryotic DNA synthesis beginsat an

A

Origin of replication
One in prokaryotes
Meltiple in eukaryotes

110
Q

Strands separate locally forming two

A

Replicaion forks

111
Q

Replication of double stranded DNA is

A

Bidirectional

112
Q

Group of proteins that recognizethe origin of replication

Denaturation/ unwinding of A-T rich group

A

DNA and Protein step 1

113
Q

Unwind the double helix ahead of the advancing replication fork

A

Step 2 helicase

114
Q

Maintain the separation of the parental strands

A

Single stranded DNA binding proteins step 3

115
Q

Removal of supercoils that interfere with the further unwinding of the double helix

A

DNA topoisomerases step 4

116
Q

Prokaryotic DNA synthesis beginsat an

A

Origin of replication
One in prokaryotes
Meltiple in eukaryotes

117
Q

Strands separate locally forming two

A

Replicaion forks

118
Q

For lagging strands
Syhtesize short stretches of RNA called primers (10-200 base pairs long)
Needed by DNA polymerase to begin DNA chain elongation

A

Step 5 primase

119
Q

Group of proteins that recognizethe origin of replication

Denaturation/ unwinding of A-T rich group

A

DNA and Protein step 1

120
Q

Unwind the double helix ahead of the advancing replication fork

A

Step 2 helicase

121
Q

Maintain the separation of the parental strands

A

Single stranded DNA binding proteins

122
Q

Removal of supercoils that interfere with the further unwinding of the double helix

A

DNA topoisomerases

123
Q

Catalyzes chain elongation in a 5-3 direction

A

Step 6 DNA polymerase III

124
Q

DNA polymerase III uses____________ as substrates

A

5 deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates

125
Q

Lagging strand

A

Okazaki fragments

126
Q

Removes RNA primers using 5-3 exonuclease activity, then fills in the resulting gaps

A

DNA polymerase I step 7

127
Q

Seals th nicks between okazaki fragments by catalayzng the final phospholipid ester linkage

A

Step8 ligase

128
Q

Newly replicated DNA is assembled into nucleosomes

A

Reconstitution of chromatin structure

129
Q

Highly repetitive DNA at the ends of linear chromosomes

A

Telomeres

130
Q

Replace telomeres in cells taht do not age

A

Telomerase

131
Q

Makes DNA copy of the RNA genome, then integrates this into host cells

A

Reverse transcriptase

132
Q

Mismatched strand

A

Polymerase I and DNA ligase

Hereditary nonpoyposis colon cancer

133
Q

Abnormal bases

A

Specific glyoslases
Apyrimidinic or apurinic site
Deoxyribose- phosphate lyase
DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

134
Q

Damaged DNA

A

UV specific endonucleases
DNA polymerase I

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Biochemistry module 7 (1 decks)

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