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Biochemistry > Gene Expression > Flashcards

Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

A sequence of DNA/RNA that codes for a molecule for the transmission of genes to offspring, also the basis of inheritance for phenotypic traits

A

Gene

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2
Q

Carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning of all known living organisms

A

DNA

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3
Q

the DNA stretches which encode for specific proteins

A

gene

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4
Q

a biomolecule that contains genetic info

A

DNA

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5
Q

regulates the traits of an organism

A

gene

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6
Q

regulates gene regulation

A

DNA

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7
Q

a specific sequence present on a short stretch of DNA

A

gene

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8
Q

these are made up of either DNA or RNA

A

gene

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9
Q

a polymer of nucleotides

A

DNA

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10
Q

these are coded with hereditary information

A

genes

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11
Q

encodes genetic instructions

A

DNA

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12
Q

multistep process that ultimately results in the production of a functional gene product, either
RNA or proteins

A

gene expression

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13
Q

Ability of a cell to control or regulate what products (RNA or protein) it makes from its DNA

A

gene expression

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14
Q

2 main groups of genes

A

structural and regulatory

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15
Q

group of gene that are protein coding genes

A

structural genes

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16
Q

this group of gene constitutes about 20, 400 genes in the human body

A

structural genes

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17
Q

constitutes about 2% of human DNA

A

structural genes

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18
Q

group of genes that regulate the proteins that are produced by the structural genes and comprises 98% of human DNA

A

regulatory genes

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19
Q

type of gene structure which mainly comprises the operon-based gene clusters

A

prokaryotic gene structure

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20
Q

type of gene structure whose open reading frame is disturbed by the presence of introns

A

eukaryotic gene structure

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21
Q

type of gene structure where functionally-related genes occurs in operons

A

prokaryotic gene structure

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22
Q

type of gene structure where individual promoters regulate the genes

A

eukaryotic gene structure

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23
Q

for most genes the main site of control is the ______

A

transcription of DNA to RNA

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24
Q

in eukaryotes, gene expression is also controlled at _____ and _____

A

posttranscriptional, posttranslational

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25
Q

Transcription in eukaryotes requires transcription factors to bind the ____ of the promoter

A

TATA box

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26
Q

translation in prokaryotes is initiated by rRNA pairing with _______ in mRNA

A

SD box

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27
Q

a cluster of genes that are transcribed together to give a single messenger RNA (mRNA)
molecule, which therefore encodes multiple proteins

A

operon

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28
Q

the ___ gene codes for B-galactosidase

A

lacZ

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29
Q

lacZ hydrolyzes lactose to _____ and _____

A

galactose and glucose

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30
Q

the _____ gene codes for permease

A

lacY

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31
Q

lacY facilitates movement of

A

lactose into the cell

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32
Q

the _____ gene codes for thiogalactosidetransacetylase

A

lacA

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33
Q

lacA ______ lactose

A

acetylates

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34
Q

this is an example of a negative gene regulation

A

when glucose is available

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35
Q

this gene produces the repressor proteins

A

lacI

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36
Q

adenyl cyclase is inactive in the presence of _____, and CAP is not bound to cAMP

A

glucose

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37
Q

when only lactose is available, a small amount of it is converted into an isomer _____

A

allolactose

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38
Q

in the absence of glucose, _____ is active and cAMP is made and binds to the CAP

A

adenylyl cyclase

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39
Q

when only lactose available is an example of what type of regulation

A

positive regulation

40
Q

the lacI gene is _____ and is always produced

A

constitutive

41
Q

what happens when both glucose and lactose are present?

A

lac operon is uninduced, transcription is negligible

42
Q

adenylyl cyclase is inhibited in the presence of ______ this process is known as ________

A

glucose, catabolite repression

43
Q

tryptophan omepron includes ____ genes that encode enzymes needed for tryptophan biosynthesis along with a promoter and an operator

A

5

44
Q

the trp operon is regulated by

A

trp repressor/attenuator

45
Q

tryptophan which switches a repressor into its active site is called a

A

corepressor

46
Q

the trp repressor binds and blocks transcription only when

A

tryptophan is present

47
Q

this is a mechanism for reducing expression of the trp operon when levels of tryptophan are high

A

attenuation

48
Q

in attenuation, rather than blocking initiation of transcription, it prevents _____ of transcription

A

completion

49
Q

the section between the operator and the 1st gene of the operon is called the _____

A

leader

50
Q

the leader encodes a short polypeptide and also contains an ______

A

attenuator sequence

51
Q

attenuator does not encode a polypeptide but when transcribed into mRNA it can form ______

A

hairpin structures

52
Q

the polypeptide encoded by the leader is short, just ________amino acids longs and it includes 2 Trp residues

A

14

53
Q

trytophans are important because

A

(1) plenty Trp, ribosome wont have to wait for Trp-carrying tRNA (2) if little Trp: ribosome will stall at Trp codons

54
Q

antiterminator hairpin in low Trp levels

A

2&3

55
Q

terminator hairpin in low Trp levels

A

3&4

56
Q

in low Trp levels, termination does not occur and RNA polymerase continues transcribing, producing a transcript that includes the

A

trpE-trpA genes

57
Q

in high levels of Trp, trpE and trpA are

A

never transcribed

58
Q

part of the eukaryotic gene sequence that is expressed, also the sequence that encodes polypeptides

A

exons

59
Q

art of the eukaryotic gene sequence that is not expressed and come in between the exons

A

introns

60
Q

in eukaryotic gene regulation, this is where RNA polymerase II binds

A

start site

61
Q

RNA polymerase II is a complex of ____ proteins that synthesizes the mRNA

A

12

62
Q

type of promoter in eukaryotic gene where DNA sequence is located abut 40 bases upstream of the start site

A

core promoter

63
Q

the core promoter is found in all eukaryotic genes, and its most common is ____

A

TATA box

64
Q

about _____ can bind the core promoter for gene expression complexes

A

50 proteins

65
Q

this complex in the core promoter consists of the TATA binding protein which recognizes and binds to the TATA box

A

transcription factor II D

66
Q

this protein in the core promoter helps the TATA binding protein interact with RNA polymerase II

A

transcription factor II B

67
Q

segments of DNA found upstream of the core promoter

A

proximal (upstream) promoter

68
Q

unlike core promoters, upstream promoters

A

vary from gene to gene

69
Q

these are the DNA sequence that are away from the gene, maybe upstream or downstream

A

enhancer/silencer

70
Q

the silencer binds ______ that increase the rate of transcription

A

special transcription factor proteins

71
Q

this is the site of preinitiation complex formation

A

TATA box

72
Q

this is the first step in transcription initiation in eukaryotes

A

preinitiation complex formation

73
Q

when does formation of the preinitiation complex begins?

A

when the multi-subunit transcription factor binds to the TATA box

74
Q

after TFIID binds to the TATA box what joins after?

A

RNA polymerase II

75
Q

these are proteins involved in the process of converting or transcribing DNA into RNA

A

transcription factors

76
Q

the main function of transcription factors is to help turn specific genes _____ by binding to nearby DNA

A

“on” or “off”

77
Q

2 domains of transcription factors

A

DNA binding domain and transactivation domain

78
Q
A
78
Q

these attaches to specific DNA sequences that are upstream to a regulated gene

A

DNA binding domains

79
Q

the DBDs are also called

A

promoter/response element

80
Q

this is where other proteins (co-regulatory proteins) bind to the transcription factor

A

transactivation domain (TAD)

81
Q

a 3rd element is sometimes present in transcription factors where it allows signaling molecules to bind the transcription

A

signal-sensing domain (SSD)

82
Q

activator proteins bind to an _____ in the DNA

A

enhancer region

83
Q

a DNA-bending protein brings the bound ______ closer to the promoter

A

activators

84
Q

the activators bind to transcription factors and mediator proteins forming a _____

A

transcription initiation complex

85
Q

the transcription initiation complex promotes the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter, enhancing

A

gene expression

86
Q

an autosomal dominant neurodegenarative disorder caused by mutations in the HTT gene

A

huntington’s disease (HD)

87
Q

HTT gene encodes the

A

huntington protein

88
Q

HD mutation involved expansion of _____ repeats in the HTT gene

A

CAG trinucleotide

89
Q

this disease manifest with motor dysfunction, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms

A

HD

90
Q

an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by progressive muscle
degeneration and weakness

A

duchnne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

91
Q

in DMD, the DMD gene encodes for

A

dystrophin

92
Q

dystrophin is crucial for

A

muscle fiber integrity

93
Q

patients with DMD experience delayed motor milestones, muscle weakness, and ___

A

cardiopulmonary complications

94
Q

understanding gene expression of dystrophin has enabled the development of therapies like

A

exon skipping

95
Q

exon skipping in DMD therapy aims to restore the reading frame of the DMD gene and produce functional albeit

A

shorter dystrophin protein

96
Q

copolymer-based muscle membrane stabilization of dystrophic muscle occurs via

A

insertion of hydrophobic PPO block

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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