Gene editing tech

Question 1

Define restriction enzymes

Answer 1

enzymes known as endonuclease that cut at specific sites of DNA molecules(recognition site)

Question 2

Define recombinant DNA

Answer 2

plasmids that have been engineered to contain a segment of foreign DNA

Question 3

Define plasmid

Answer 3

small circular fragment of double stranded DNA seperate from main chromosome that is present in many coppices in bacteria

Question 4

Blunt ends

Answer 4

when restriction enzymes cut DNA molecule at points directly opposite each other. therefore creating non specific

Question 5

Sticky ends

Answer 5

cut not exactly at same point therefore creating an overhang that allows nitrogen bases to pair to complementary bases

Question 6

Steps of electrophoresis

Answer 6

1. mixture is placed in slots at one end of the jelly slab(agar jelly)
2. it is then exposed to an electrical field - origin +at end
3. due to negative charge the DNA fragments will begin to move across jelly slab, with smaller fragments moving at a faster rate
4. after gel run is complete the separate bands are made visible using a die or labelled probe
5. a standard ladder of DNA was ran at the same time to act as a standard

Question 7

Joining of DNA fragments

Answer 7

enzyme known as ligase catalyses the mining of the DNA at the sugar phosphate backbones by creating phosphodister bonds

Question 8

Define Vectors

Answer 8

an agent that is Abe to carrry passenger DNA into a cell

Question 9

Bacteria transformation

Answer 9

the transportation of foreign DNA into bacteria

Question 10

steps to creating recombinant plasmids

Answer 10

1. DNA of plasmid is cut at one point using specific restriction enzyme to create sticky ends
2. the foreign DNA fragments are prepared using the sam e restriction enzymes to create complimentary sticker ends
3. Plasmids and foreign DNA fragments are mixed, in some cases hydrogen bonds will form between bases of sticky ends
4. ligase is added creating phosphodiester bond

Question 11

Steps of the polymerase chain reaction

Answer 11

1. Denature;the DNA sample is denatured by heating to create 2 single strands of DNA at 94 degrees 2min in buffer
2. Bind primers short segments of DNA are adde, pair with regions of interest (annealing) to create staring point for polymerase50-60
3. Elongatin 72 degrees. polymerase uses primers as a starting point and ads nucleotides reads off 3 prime to 5 prime

Question 12

GMO v Transgenic organism

Answer 12

GMO is any form of DNA manipulation whereas transgenic organism is when foreign DNA if added into organism

Question 13

What is the rational drug design

Answer 13

drugs are designed to be complementary in size and shape to enzyme inhibiting them
therefore information about the action of the enzymes that cause disease is already known

Question 14

DNA profiling

Answer 14

uses STR in hyper variable areas, more likely to be variable due to their lack of importance