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English Language A-Level > Gender Theory/Mars and Venus > Flashcards

Gender Theory/Mars and Venus Flashcards

1
Q

Who wrote Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus and when (decade)?

A

John Gray in 1990s

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2
Q

Otto Jespersen wrote what book and when?

A

The Woman in the 1920s

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3
Q

Otto Jespersen claimed that:

A
  • women are overly emotional
  • women use smaller vocabularies
  • women use more conjunctions (and), unlike men who use subordinate clauses
  • women use fewer abstract terms
  • women are less coarse in language
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4
Q

‘kros’

A

angry - used by women as a monologue who publicly complains about another’s behaviour using abusive terms

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5
Q

‘hed’

A

wilful + headstrong - meant for women - uncooperative

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6
Q

‘save’

A

knowledge, judgement + good sense - supressed by men to avoid provoking conflict

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7
Q

Significance of Don Kulick’s study

A

contrasts to universal studies in western language

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8
Q

Don Kulick’s study was in… (place and decade)

A

Gapun, Papa New Guinea 1990s

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9
Q

Define meta-analysis and who used it

A
  • collating more data samples and studies instead of using only one or two studies to create a generalisation and universal data
  • Janet Hyde
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10
Q

Janet Hyde’s research article name is…

A

The Gender Similarities Hypothesis

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11
Q

What was Janet Hyde’s conclusion?

A

78% of the gender differences were small or close to zero

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12
Q

Which two other linguists agree with Janet Hyde and came to similar conclusions as her?

A

Chambers and Liberman

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13
Q

What criticism does Deborah Cameron make before releasing data especially in the pre-1990s?

A
  • taking things out of context such as: age, occupation, social class
  • subjects were dominantly white, middle class + well-educated men
  • not including other cultures
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14
Q

The name of Robin Lakoff’s book:

A

Language and Woman’s Place

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15
Q

What does Lakoff focus on?

A

tag questions

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16
Q

What 2 reasons does Lakoff give as to why women use a higher frequency of tag questions?

A
  • for confirmation - used by men too

- to seek approval - used mostly by women

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17
Q

Which two other linguists challenged Lakoff?

A

Holmes and O’Leary

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18
Q

What conclusion did Holmes arrive to?

A

tag questions served a facilitative purpose - inviting more people into the conversation

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19
Q

What conclusion did O’Leary arrive to?

A

gender isn’t the only factor when it comes to using tag questions - occupation is more significant through his study where teachers and doctors (people of power and a higher status in terms of occupation) used tag questions more frequently

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20
Q

Pamela Fishman study name is…

A

Interactional Shitwork

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21
Q

Fishman’s study concluded that women use a much higher frequency of?

A

all questions as men do not see it as their responsibility to initiate conversations

22
Q

Goodwin’s study name and when:

A

The Secret Life of Girls in 2006

23
Q

The Secret Life of Girls focus group was..

A

a socially and ethnically mixed group in LA

24
Q

Goodwin’s findings/conclusion:

A
  • girls challenged each other directly
  • argued over rules of games such as hopscotch
  • boasted about their athletic skills, possessions and family status
25
Q

Deborah Tannen’s approach with which linguist who coined..

A

cross-cultural approach with Gumperz who coined ‘cross-talk’

26
Q

Define cross-cultural approach

A

male and female groups likened to different cultures

27
Q

Robin Dunbar’s study and focus:

A

Exchanging social information on gossip

28
Q

3 linguists related to minimal responses

A

Maltz and Borker

Helen Reid Thomas

29
Q

Maltz and Borker studied… and said that…

A
  • minimal responses as having different meanings for each gender
  • women = listening
  • men = agreeing
30
Q

Helen Reid Thomas studied… to oppose… and…

A
  • minimal responses

- Maltz and Borker

31
Q

What did Helen Reid Thomas do that… and… didn’t do?

A
  • carried out systematic tests

- unlike Maltz and Borker

32
Q

Helen Reid Thomas’ conclusion

A

there was no difference in the interpretation of each gender instead it is the context which tells people how to interpret minimal responses

33
Q

What did Gumperz do?

A

he coined ‘cross-talk’

34
Q

Gumperz study

A
  • Heathrow ‘gravy’ incident
  • a group of Indian and Pakistani women working as cafeteria employees VS British baggage handlers
  • British complained that the women were rude
  • Asians have a falling intonation when asking if the workers wanted ‘gravy’
  • Western have a rising intonation
35
Q

The link between the ‘difference theory’ and Gumperz’ study

A

Tannen represents male and female genders as being two separate cultures

36
Q

Deborah Tannen’s book

A

You just don’t understand

37
Q

Deborah Tannen’s theory

A

Difference theory

38
Q

Difference theory is by

A

Deborah Tannen

39
Q

6 categories in the ‘difference theory’

A
  1. status v support
  2. information v feelings
  3. orders v proposals
  4. conflict v compromise
  5. independence v intimacy
  6. advice v understanding
40
Q

monologue in Gapun

A

kros

41
Q

women’s characterstic in Gapun

A

hed

42
Q

men’s characteristic in Gapun

A

save

43
Q

status v support

A

men = conversations are used to build status

44
Q

advice v understanding

A
  • women = seek comfort and sympathy

- men = seek solutions to problems

45
Q

information v feelings

A
  • women = convo important to build relationships and strengthening social skills
  • men = convo is message-orientated
46
Q

orders v proposals

A
  • women = use of super-polite forms (would you mind if…?)

- men use direct imperatives (close the door)

47
Q

conflict v compromise

A
  • women = avoid conflict in language w out any direct confrontation to maintain positive connections and rapport
  • men = use confrontation to resolve differences and thereby negotiating status
48
Q

independence v intimacy

A
  • women = view the world as a network of connections and relationships, avoiding the appearance of superiority
  • men = focuses on status and independence
49
Q

John Gray wrote what and when

A

Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus in 1990s

50
Q

Deborah Cameron wrote what and when

A

The Myth of Mars and Venus in 1990s

English Language A-Level (2 decks)

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