gender terms Flashcards
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Andersen on Popular Culture
The beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday traditions. Ex: Music, film, magazines, TV, art. Studied by feminists because of its influence on gender.
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Content Analysis
A research method whereby one systematically analyzes the actual content of documents, images, or other cultural artifacts.
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Characteristics of Traditional Masculinity: Anti-femininity
Reject any behavior that has feminine quality. No stereotypical feminine characteristics must be shown.
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Characteristics of Traditional Masculinity: Success
Manliness is equal to providing for family and being bread-winner; financial security is manly.
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Characteristics of Traditional Masculinity: Independence and Toughness
Do not turn the other cheek, boys must fight, morality is lost if winning is essential, men must be stoic and in command.
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Characteristics of Traditional Masculinity: Sexual Prowess
Impotence is bad and inferior, sexual performance confirms masculinity. Success in sex is linked to success in life. Making live becomes achievement endeavor.
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Characteristics of Traditional Masculinity: Homophobia
Prejudice and discriminatory view of homosexuals by way of fear, loathing, and intolerance. Such an integral part of heterosexual masculinity that being a man means not being homosexual.
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Cohen on Work & Gender Inequality
Gender Division of Labor is a central feature of gender inequality, both in its economic aspects and in the social construction of gender identities. Research consistently has shown that women do the majority of unpaid labor
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Comparable Worth
The principle of paying women and men equivalent wages for jobs involving comparable levels of skill. Assessing this requires measuring the skill levels of similar professions and developing correlated pay scales, regardless of the sex of the job occupants.
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Compulsory Heterosexuality
The institutionalized practices that presume that woman are innately sexually oriented toward men. Under this type of thinking seeing women in a relationship with other women goes against social norms.
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Crisis of Connection and The APA
Major structural changes in women’s roles leaving men without compensatory changes in theirs. Ex: Pressure to commit to relationship, communicate on an emotional level, share domestic responsibilities, nurture children, integrate sexuality with love, and curb aggression and violence.
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Domestic Violence
Majority is committed by men against women. Violence against women in families is a form of social control-one that emerges directly from the patriarchal structure and ideology of the family. Historically, wife beating was a way to show male authority; expression of men’s power.
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Economic Restructuring
Contemporary transformations in the basic structure of work that are permanently altering the workplace, including the transition from a manufacturing based economy to a service-based economy, de-industrialization, the use of enhanced technology, and the increasing concentration of capital in the hands of a few (economic resources). Women are working now more than ever. Entering into jobs that were once considered only for men.
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Equal Pay Act of 1963
The first federal legislation enacted requiring equal pay for equal work; it has been extended by various executive orders and civil rights acts to forbid discrimination on the basis of sex. Feminists argue that women are left vulnerable on how laws like this one are interpreted and exersized due to the lack of representation for women. I.E. Judges, lawyers, police.
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Family-based Economy
First Period: 17th to early 18th century. Production was one where the household was the basic unit of the economy, since economic production was largely based on households, including small farms, large plantations, and haciendas. All household members were responsible for production. Women labor in this time was based on class position and marital status.
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Family-wage Economy
Second Period: Center of labor moved out of the household and into the factory system due to industrialization that began in England in the mid 18th century. Workers earned income outside the home and the household became dependent on those wages. Lead to the development of dual roles for women as paid laborers and as unpaid housewives.
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Family-consumer Economy
Third Period: Present day; extension of family-wage economy. Technological change has increased productivity. Mass production of goods has created households centered on consumption and reproduction. Women’s work as housewives is often couple with their participation in paid labor; thus productivity is even higher than the past.
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Grace Galliano On Media
Gender influences all aspects of the pathway of media. Gender influences the process by which messages are created or selected for sending, who is sending messages, how the message is constructed, and the medium chosen for transmission.
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Hegemonic Masculinity
Traditional male gender roles, emphasizing heterosexuality and dominance over women. Hegemonic masculinity is competitive and reflects a tendency for males to seek to dominate other males and subordinate females. There are two key factors in producing a hegemonic masculinity: domination and marginalization. Domination establishes the ideal qualities by which some men are elevated, but marginalization describes the oppression involved and the actual ranking of men based on masculinity.
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Heterosexuality
A sexual attraction to (or sexual relations with) persons of the opposite sex. It Emerges from the many scripts that boys and girls learn early in life, including the belief that men have an overpowering sex drive and that women link love, sex, and attachment. Engrained from youth.
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Homophobia
A manifestation of Heterosexism. The fear and hatred of homosexuality. Homophobia can discourage intimacy between same sex friends if it makes them fear being labeled as gay or lesbian. Men also interact in ways that disassociate them from qualities associated with women.. Thus, not only does it limit the character of intimacy among men but it also reinforces sexist attitudes toward women.
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Homosexuality
The orientation whereby the individual naturally prefers romantic or sexual relationships only with persons of the same gender.
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Transgender
Those who live their lives in a gender that is not the gender they were assigned at birth. Challenge the construction of gender and sexuality that is part of the dominant culture.
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Bisexual
Those who have sexual relationships with people of both sexes. Shows either/construction of gender.
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Kane & Schippers On Sexuality
Most Americans appear to believe that men’s sexual drives are stronger than women’s, and at least half perceive those differences as natural. A widespread belief in a naturally stronger sex drive in men creates a foundation for
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Kaufman On Masculinity
Men are less likely to be shown cooking, cleaning, shopping, or washing dishes. When men are shown in the context of family life, they are shown doing something stereotypical such as mowing the lawn or working on a car. Men are usually seen with boys not girls. Nurturing images of men are usually seen in women’s magazines, not men’s.
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Kimmel On Domestic Violence
Where women are held in less regard there is more domestic violence in which the majority of the victims are women. Where it is acceptable for men to see themselves closer to women such as sensitive, nurturing, kind, there is less domestic violence. Also because children are seen in a more sensitive manner.
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Kimmel On Male Violence
Almost all violence in the world is committed by men. Masculinity is tied to violence. Male violence is a way to prove successful masculinity. One of the most significant “causes” of male violence, then, is gender inequality.
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Kimmel On Rape
99 percent of people arrested for rape are men. 90 percent of all murder victims are killed by men. Men are more violent. Those societies in which rape was relatively rare valued
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Leach On Masculinity
Like femininity, masculinity operates politically at different levels. At one level, it is a form of identity, a means of self-understanding that structures personal attitudes and behaviors. At another, distinct but related level. masculinity can be seen as a form of ideology, in that it presents a set of cultural ideals that define appropriate roles, values and expectations for and of men. Masculinity is not ‘natural.’ Masculinity is crucially defined by the structural facts of male dominance over women, and the hierarchies of the capitalist economy.
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Machismo
An emphasis on male strength, high sexuality, and dominance. , A sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one’s maleness.
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Maquiladoras
The term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market. The low-wage workers in the primarily foreign-owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods.
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Marxist Perspective On Media and Capitalism
The economic structure of the media explains much about why women continue to be shown as sex objects and household caretakers. These images are consistent with capitalist needs maintain women’s services in the home and to make commercial objects out everything, including sexuality.
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Nuclear Family
Families in which married couples live together with their children. Only dominant groups have defined s the ideal and that many have come to take for granted as the only family form.
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Patriarchy
A form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line. Also the cause of males seeking dominance over women. Societies with this system tend to have higher violence and oppression toward women. Women are less valued socially and culturally.
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Queer Theory
Theory defined by Glen Elder, Lawrence Knopp, and Heidi Nast. Underscores the idea that all sexual identities are socially constructed and that the categories of sexuality that we presume to be fixed can be disrupted and change. States that institutional practices creates sexual identities and that the boundaries that distinguish legitimate and illegitimate sex are politically constructed. Says that theorists that only one sexuality is normal and that all others are deviant, immoral, and wrong.
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Reflection Hypothesis
The idea that the mass media reflect the values of the general population. Images in the media are seen as representing dominant ideals within the population, particularly because the capitalistic structure of the media is dependent on appealing to the largest consumer audience. Gerbner says that although media images are make-believe, they do symbolize dominant social beliefs and images
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Role-Learning Theory
Hypothesizes that sexist and racist images in the media encourage role modeling. The media’s deleterious role models, when internalized prevent and impede female accomplishments. They also encourage both women and men to define women in terms of men’s sex objects or in the context of the family.
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Second Shift
Arlie Hochschild’s term for the domestic work without pay that employed women perform at home after they complete their workday on the job.
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Sut Jhally On Advertising
Advertising thus does not work by creating values and attitudes out of nothing but by drawing upon and re-channeling concerns that the target audience (and the culture) already shares.
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Sweatshops
Factories where employees are subjected to bad working conditions and get paid little money.
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Title VII Of The Civil Rights Bill
Amended by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972. Forbids discrimination on the basis of race, color national origin, religion, or sex in any term, condition, or privilege of employment. Opened the door for women’s participation in education, employment, and athletics, etc…
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Compulsory Heterosexuality
The notion that everyone should be heterosexual and have relationships with the opposite sex due to the dominant values and ideals of a society.
