GENDER, RELIGION AND CASTE

Question 1

Evidence of patriarchy in India

Answer 1

1. Literacy rate (54% F, 76% M), higher education
2. Indian woman works more on average, not paid, not valued
3. Equal Remuneration Act 1976, paid less for same labour
4. Decline in sex ratio, abortion
5. Harassment, exploitation, violence

Question 2

Women and representation in govt

Answer 2

Low proportion

1/3 in panchayats and municipalities
>10 lakh elected women in local govts

bill for lok sabha and state assemblies

Question 3

How are religious differences expressed in politics

Answer 3

1. Gandhi: never separated, moral values, pol guided by ethics from religion
2. HR groups, victims of communal riots, religious minorities, demand special steps to protect
3. family laws of religions discriminate against women, govt should change

• values can play a role
• people from rel comm express needs interests demands
• regulate religion to prevent opp and discr

Question 4

communal politics

Answer 4

1. One religion > another
2. demands of one group formed in opposition to another
3. state power is used to establish domination of one

based, principle basis of social community is religion hence cannot live as equal citizens

Question 5

how is communalism expressed

Answer 5

• Beliefs: stereotypes, prejudice, superiority
• Pol mobilisation on religious lines, use of religion (sacred symbols, leaders, emotion, fear) to bring followers into a pol arena
• Communal violence, riots, massacre. Partition

Question 6

Secularism in India

Answer 6

• No official religion
• Freedom to profess practice and propagate any religion or none
• Prohibits discr based on religion
• Bans untouchability

Question 7

Factors that reduced caste inequalities

Answer 7

Literacy and education
Occupational mobility
Eco dev
Urbanisation
Weakening position of landlords

Question 8

Caste not vanished from contemporary India

Answer 8

Marry within caste or tribe
Untouchability
Caste and economic status, access to education

Question 9

Caste in politics

Answer 9

• Parties keep in mind caste composition of electorate and choose candidates
• Favour castes, appeal to caste
• Compelled pol leaders to gear up mobilising and securing pol support

Question 10

Caste in politics, opp

Answer 10

• No constituency has a majority of a caste, hence candidate needs to win confidence of more than one
• No party gets votes from a whole caste, large proportion only
• more than one option from caste, or none
• MP and MLA lose, meaning castes not frozen in pol prefs

Question 11

POL influences caste

Answer 11

• caste group tries to become bigger, incorporating sub castes or neighbouring
• eneter into coaltion, dialogue and negotiation
• new caste groups have come up , forward backward

Question 11

POL influences caste

Answer 11

• caste group tries to become bigger, incorporating sub castes or neighbouring
• eneter into coaltion, dialogue and negotiation
• new caste groups have come up , forward backward