Gender Models And Theories

Question 1

Dominance Model

Answer 1

Men have traditionally been more dominant in society, and their language reflects this, especially in mixed sex conversations

Question 2

Who proposed the dominance model

Answer 2

Spender, Fishman, Zimmerman and west

Question 3

Who proposed the deficit model

Answer 3

Robin Lakoff

Question 4

What is the difference model

Answer 4

Men and women use language differently to reflect their different needs and personalities. However neither style is more or less effective than the other just different

Question 5

Who proposed the difference model

Answer 5

Déborah Tannen

Question 6

What is the diversity model

Answer 6

Because gender is performative and not an inherent binary, it’s more important to consider it alongside other factors rather than as a discrete variable on its own when exploring language

Question 7

Who proposed the diversity model

Answer 7

Judith butler, Deborah Cameron and Penelope Eckert

Question 8

In what year did Deborah Tannen write her book, You Just Don’t understand

Answer 8

1990

Question 9

What style of language does Deborah Tannen argue men use

Answer 9

Report Talk

Question 10

How does Deborah Tannen believe that Women prefer to talk

Answer 10

Rapport Talk

Question 11

What is the female version of status

Answer 11

support

Question 12

What is the male version of intimacy

Answer 12

Independence

Question 13

What is the female version of advice

Answer 13

understanding

Question 14

What is the male version of feelings

Answer 14

Information

Question 15

What is the male version of proposals

Answer 15

orders

Question 16

What is the female version of conflict

Answer 16

compromise

Question 17

Who the 1992 book Men are from Mars and women are from Venus

Answer 17

John Gray

Question 18

Why does Deborah Cameron reject the tendency to make generalisations about gendered language

Answer 18

Because it avoids implying that the nature of that relationship is always and everywhere the same, a simple matter of men talk like this and women talk like that

Question 19

If generalisations are to be avoided why does Deborah Cameron argue it is still worthwhile to study gender and communication

Answer 19

Sociolinguistics the study of language variation and change, variation over time

Question 20

Deborah Cameron states that studying sex-differences can be considered anti-feminist but why does she argue that the second wave feminists of the 1970s made a distinctive contribution to sociolinguistics

Answer 20

The way they interpreted the differences of male and female language as evidence not of women’s natural deficiencies, but if their social subordination in male-dominated societies

Question 21

What was original about Robin Lakoff’s work in Language and woman’s place

Answer 21

She suggested that women are not just kept in their place by the way they are spoken or written about, but also the way they use language themselves

Question 22

How did research into the difference approach produced by Deborah Tannen and others, differ from earlier studies

Answer 22

Researchers were more interested in describing the talk that took place between same-sex peers

Question 23

Why did linguistics in the 1990s start to challenge the dominance and difference approaches

Answer 23

The actual linguistic patterns which differentiated men and women were not the same ones in every case and the differences were rarely as clear-cut.

Question 24

What were Penelope Eckert criticisms of the way most linguists approached gender

Answer 24

1-They used the term gender but spoke of biological sex
2-Gender was discussed as a discrete variable, rather than a factor that interacts with other aspects of identity and social location

Question 25

How and why does Deborah Cameron argue that gender is a performance rather than a natural condition

Answer 25

Identity is unstable, and that speakers must constantly reaffirm their status as a particular sort of person