Gender Models And Theories Flashcards
Dominance Model
Men have traditionally been more dominant in society, and their language reflects this, especially in mixed sex conversations
Who proposed the dominance model
Spender, Fishman, Zimmerman and west
Who proposed the deficit model
Robin Lakoff
What is the difference model
Men and women use language differently to reflect their different needs and personalities. However neither style is more or less effective than the other just different
Who proposed the difference model
Déborah Tannen
What is the diversity model
Because gender is performative and not an inherent binary, it’s more important to consider it alongside other factors rather than as a discrete variable on its own when exploring language
Who proposed the diversity model
Judith butler, Deborah Cameron and Penelope Eckert
In what year did Deborah Tannen write her book, You Just Don’t understand
1990
What style of language does Deborah Tannen argue men use
Report Talk
How does Deborah Tannen believe that Women prefer to talk
Rapport Talk
What is the female version of status
support
What is the male version of intimacy
Independence
What is the female version of advice
understanding
What is the male version of feelings
Information
What is the male version of proposals
orders
What is the female version of conflict
compromise
Who the 1992 book Men are from Mars and women are from Venus
John Gray
Why does Deborah Cameron reject the tendency to make generalisations about gendered language
Because it avoids implying that the nature of that relationship is always and everywhere the same, a simple matter of men talk like this and women talk like that
If generalisations are to be avoided why does Deborah Cameron argue it is still worthwhile to study gender and communication
Sociolinguistics the study of language variation and change, variation over time
Deborah Cameron states that studying sex-differences can be considered anti-feminist but why does she argue that the second wave feminists of the 1970s made a distinctive contribution to sociolinguistics
The way they interpreted the differences of male and female language as evidence not of women’s natural deficiencies, but if their social subordination in male-dominated societies
What was original about Robin Lakoff’s work in Language and woman’s place
She suggested that women are not just kept in their place by the way they are spoken or written about, but also the way they use language themselves
How did research into the difference approach produced by Deborah Tannen and others, differ from earlier studies
Researchers were more interested in describing the talk that took place between same-sex peers
Why did linguistics in the 1990s start to challenge the dominance and difference approaches
The actual linguistic patterns which differentiated men and women were not the same ones in every case and the differences were rarely as clear-cut.
What were Penelope Eckert criticisms of the way most linguists approached gender
1-They used the term gender but spoke of biological sex
2-Gender was discussed as a discrete variable, rather than a factor that interacts with other aspects of identity and social location
How and why does Deborah Cameron argue that gender is a performance rather than a natural condition
Identity is unstable, and that speakers must constantly reaffirm their status as a particular sort of person
