Gender - Male

Question 1

Messerschmidt

Answer 1

• The concept of masculinity explains the higher rate of offending
• masculinity is a social construct of ‘accomplishment’
• hegemonic masculinity achieved through:
  Work in paid labour market
  Heterosexism and uncontrollable sexuality of men
• some men have subordinated masculinities
• white wc youths less chance of educational success, so masculinity both in and out. ‘lads’ in willis study

Question 2

Evaluation of Messerschmitt

Answer 2

• not all men use crime to accomplish masculinity

Question 3

Winlow - postmodernity, masculinity and crime

Answer 3

• globalization shift from modern industrial to a late modern = loss of traditional jobs
• expansion in the night-time leisure economy of pubs, clubs
• study of bouncers in Sunderland, area of deindustrialization and unemployment. Paid work + opportunity for illegal ventures + demonstrate masculinity through use of violence

Question 4

Evaluation for Winlow - postmodernism, masculinity and crime

Answer 4

• crimongenic capitalism
• does not explain white collar crime

Question 5

Winlow - bodily capital

Answer 5

• organized professional subculture new opportunities for violence
• maintain reputation, men use bodily capital, e.g. develop physical assets by bodybuilding
• body capital = symbol of worth

Question 6

Evaluation for Winlow - bodily capital

Answer 6

• Heidensohn - more control of women