Gender inequality

Question 1

Explanation 1

Answer 1

Gender inequalities are the result of biological differences

Question 2

Gender inequalities are the result of biological differences

Answer 2

Murdock

Question 3

Gender inequalities are the result of biological differences Murdock

Answer 3

• the social roles that men and women have which have led to differences in societal outcomes (wages), as being socially constructed and reinforced
• these roles fundamentally stem from the natural, biological differences between males and females
• Women need to be located in the home because of their biological function of bearing children
• Mens naturally stronger physique mean that they were more able to perform strenuous tasks, and therefore are better suited to being breadwinners for families
• gendered division of labour in nuclear families evident in all societies and claimed this to be because they are essential to a functional society

Question 4

explanation 2

Answer 4

Gender inequalities are the result of socialised roles which are necessary for society

Question 5

Gender inequalities are the result of socialised roles which are necessary for society

Answer 5

Parsons

Question 6

Gender inequalities are the result of socialised roles which are necessary for society (parsons)

Answer 6

• gender inequalities are not really inequalities and are simply due to correct gender roles that males and females are socialised into
• females are socialised into expressive caring roles while males are socialised into instrumental roles related to work and labour
• men are more suited to paid employment and women are more suited to domesticity
• Women are less motivated and less suited to the labour market than men, therefore it is not surprising that on average women are paid less
• saw these differences as innate, ascribed at birth and ultimately contribute to a healthy, smooth running society

Question 7

explanation 3

Answer 7

Womens expressive role is crucial for primary socialisation and personality stabilisation

Question 8

Womens expressive role is crucial for primary socialisation and personality stabilisation

Answer 8

Parsons and bales

Question 9

Womens expressive role is crucial for primary socialisation and personality stabilisation (Parsons and bales)

Answer 9

• Women are the key figure in providing primary socialisation for children which is essential for reproducing social order
• Women provide personality stabilisation for other adult family members (men)
• Women provide comfort to their husbands when they are not at work which is crucial for men to be able to be productive
• women are not present in certain sectors of social life which lead to things such as individual wealth, power or authority

Question 10

explanation 4

Answer 10

Gender inequalities in work are inevitable

Question 11

Gender inequalities in work are inevitable

Answer 11

rastogi

Question 12

Gender inequalities in work are inevitable (rastogi)

Answer 12

• Developed human capital theory
• Human capital can be conceptualised as skills, ability, knowledge, competency and experience related to work
• suggested that the pay gap between younger men and women is practically non-existent or even in favour for women, it is later in life (post 30) that the pay gap manifests.
• his pay gap is not due to discrimination rather due to men simply overtaking women in terms of human capital between the ages of 25-35.
• men are simply more work-oriented and committed to their jobs than women, who typically choose to prioritise their roles as homemakers and caring for family over their careers.
• men gain more human capital
• creates a self-fulfilling prophecy whereby men simply become more valued in work, further giving men more confidence while women feel less confident in work and take lower status, less well paid positions
• Rastogi sees this as naturally occurring phenomenon rather than a patriarchal conspiracy