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Geography January Mock > Gender Inequality > Flashcards

Gender Inequality Flashcards

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1
Q

Define maternal mortality:

A

The death of a woman while pregnant or withing 42 days of termination of pregnancy…from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management – WHO

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2
Q

Define maternal mortality rate:

A

The annual number of maternal mortality deaths per 100,000 live births

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3
Q

In 2013, how many women died during and following pregnancy and childbirth?

A

289,000

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4
Q

Name the worst affected countries by MMR+ figures:

A

Sierra Leone (1,100 per 100,000 live births)
Chad (980)
Central African Republic (880)

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5
Q

Name the factors that influence global variations in MMR: (Aunty Queeny Loves Artichokes Cabbages Parsnips)

A
  1. Access to treatments for pregnancy ad birth complications, especially emergency care
  2. Quality of medical services, especially skilled attendance at birth
  3. Level of government investment
  4. Availability of education
  5. Cultural barriers which affect discrimination
  6. Poverty
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6
Q

Why is Maternal Mortality an issue of human rights, not just development?

A

MMR is preventable

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7
Q

What international human rights treaties protect women?

A
  • CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women)
  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
  • Regional treaties and the laws of many states
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8
Q

What is gender inequality?

A

The unequal treatment of individuals based on their gender
A situation in which women and men do not enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all sectors of society specifically because they are a man or woman.

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9
Q

What is the GGGI

A

The Global Gender Gap Index, devised by the World Economic Forum, shows global patterns of gender inequality and is a score from 0-1 with the highest index score showing the least inequality etc.

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10
Q

Give examples of GGGI of countries:

A 
UK = 0.738
India = 0.645
Iceland = 0. 859 
Yemen = 0.514
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11
Q

Name 7 examples of gender inequality: (FATWAVE)

A
  1. Forced marriage
  2. Access to education
  3. Trafficking into forced labour, including sex slavery
  4. Wage equality for similar work to men
  5. Access to reproductive health services
  6. Violence against women
  7. Employment opportunities and political participation
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12
Q

What 2 Millennium Development Goals were specifically targeted to women?

A

Number 3 = Promote gender inequality and to empower women
Number 5 = Improve maternal health
(Others eg. education closely linked)

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13
Q

What factors do the WEF use to evaluate gender inequality?

A
  • Economic
    Labour force participation, wage equality, earned income, managers
  • Health
    Sex ratio at birth, healthy life expectancy
  • Education
    Literacy rate, enrolment in primary/secondary/tertiary education)
  • Political
    Women in Parliament, women in ministerial positions, years with female head of state
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14
Q

What are the economic, social and political factors that explain variation in patterns of gender inequality? (essay themes)

A
  • Educational opportunities
  • Access to reproductive health services
  • Employment opportunities
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15
Q

Educational opportunities: How is education crucial in helping women?

A
  • Reduce total fertility rate
  • Reduce infant mortality rate
  • Empower women
  • Increase female contribution to economy
  • Increase family health
  • Decrease poverty
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16
Q

Educational opportunities: In what areas are girls mainly excluded from education? + figures

A

Rural areas:
Sub-Saharan Africa – 30% female attendance 34% male attendance
South Asia – 47% female 56% male

17
Q

Educational opportunities: Name the factors leading to female inequality of education: (CHIPPENIIII)

A
  1. Costs
  2. Household obligations
  3. Inadequate sanitation (lack of separate toilets)
  4. Patriarchal system (female education may only be of benefit to family she marries in to)
  5. Prevalence of child marriage
  6. Early pregnancy
  7. Negative classroom environment (corporal punishment against girls)
  8. Differing levels of support for education by religions
  9. Insufficient number of female teachers
  10. Impact of girls being exploited for child labour
  11. Inadequate legislation
  12. Insufficient govt investment
18
Q

Access to reproductive health services: Name the factors that affect female reproductive health in LIDCs (SHELF GHS)

A
  1. Sexual violence
  2. High rates of young pregnancies
  3. Early forced marriage
  4. Lack of empowerment in family size
  5. Forced sterilisation
  6. Gender bias in education
  7. Harmful traditional practices eg FGM
  8. STDs eg HIV
19
Q

Access to reproductive health services: In developing countries what proportion of girls marry before 18?

A

1 in 3

20
Q

Access to reproductive health services: How many births a day are by girls under 18?

A

20,000 births

21
Q

Give an example of an NGO trying to help women? + countries they help

A

Womankind
In Ethiopia they are training a govt official on laws and policies for women
In Nepal they are helping women fund their own businesses

22
Q

Employment opportunities: What is the Labour Force Participation Rate?

A

Index of equality used in the UNDP: the ratio of females to males within a country’s working population (aged 15 and over) that engages in the labour market

23
Q

Employment opportunities: Give examples of Labour Force Participation Rates x3

A

Malawi 1.042 = more female participation than male
Afghanistan 0.197 = awful
India 0.356 = awful

24
Q

Employment opportunities: Name the factors that affect employment opportunities

A
  • Social norms; household income earnt by men and women do domestic chores
  • Cultural beliefs
  • Levels of governmental support for childcare
  • Degrees to which equal opportunity is safeguarded by law
  • Social acceptance of women as contributors to household income
  • Gender based norms
  • Levels of discrimination by employers
  • Sectoral structure of the labour market
25
Q

What did India’s GDP rise from between 2008-2014?

A

Increased from US $863 to US $ 1,165

One of World’s fastest growing economies

26
Q

Where is India ranked on GGGI?

A

114th out of 142 countries

27
Q

What are the gender inequality issues in India? (SHEEP VDP)

A
  • Slavery
  • Health
  • Employment
  • Education
  • Political
  • Violence
  • Discrimination in workplace
  • Property ownership
28
Q

Describe slavery in India:

A

14.3 million people (mainly women) subject to modern slavery
Includes trafficking for sex, early forced marriage and forced labour

29
Q

Describe Health in India:

A

According to CARE, nearly a third of all households in Bihar don’t have access to govt health services – women have little influence due to cultural norms

30
Q

Describe Education in India:

A

70% of all girls in India attend primary school but drops for secondary school due to restrictive factors

31
Q

Describe Employment in India:

A

Difficult for women to enter work force due to expectations to raise children and do chores

32
Q

Describe Politics in India:

A

Lack of women in govt at all levels

India’s Parliament: Lok Sabah (lower house) = 11% girls and Rajya Sabha (upper house) = 10.6%

33
Q

Describe Discrimination in workplace in India:

A

No maternity benefits

Most women don’t return to work after childbirth – in Delhi only 25% of married women return

34
Q

Describe Property ownership in India:

A

Inheritance is patriarchal

Women have few property rights

35
Q

Describe Violence in India:

A

Social norms eg. 52% of women in India think its justifiable for a man to beat a woman
Increased dowry killings, rape, and violence
Eg. Jyoti Singh was gang raped and murdered in 2012

36
Q

What are the consequences of gender inequality on society in India?

A
  1. Women subject to murder and disfigurement – dowry killings occur when their family cannot meet the demands for a dowry by the husband
    Eg. in 2012 there were 8,233 dowry-related deaths with highest rates in north and west
  2. Women subject to honour killings by family members for not agreeing to arranged marriage or for not conforming with gender norms
    Subject to slavery and violence
  3. High incidence of MMR due to lack of education and poverty in rural areas
    High IMR at 28.3 per 1,000
    Women subjected to sex-selective abortions in desire for male offspring
    Women coerced into sterilisation schemes
37
Q

What 3 main solutions. Are there to improving Women’s Rights and changing cultural norms in India? + examples

A
  1. Human Rights Treaties eg. ‘Convention on Civil and Political Rights’ and UDHR
  2. UN bodies eg. EDAW (Committee on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women”
  3. Indian Acts of Parliament
38
Q

Name the 4 Acts of Parliament introduced by the Indian Parliament to protect women’s rights:

A
  1. Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006
  2. Dowry Prohibition Act, 2008
  3. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence, 2005
  4. Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013
39
Q

Name the practical strategies implemented in India to improve Women’s Rights:

A
  • In 2014 an anti-trafficking portal was launched including a victim support programmes which provides temporary accommodation
  • TNC’s beginning to set up child-care facilities
  • NGO’s such as International `research Centre for Women working in Delhi neighbourhoods to implement development projects eg. ‘safe cities’ project allows women to report crimes and speak out
  • In 2014 the Delhi police increased number of women in the force in outer districts
  • Crimes such as rape common in South and West of Delhi and became unregulated due to urban growth

Geography January Mock (11 decks)

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