gender inequalities

Question 1

ONS (2013)- work and employment

Answer 1

There are more men in professional occupations which are higher paid, whereas female dominate the lower paid jobs such as in care/leisure sectors.

Question 2

OECD (2020)- work and employment

Answer 2

Covid has negatively impacted female more than men. Women make up 75% of part time workers and part-time jobs have decreased by 70% during the pandemic.

Question 3

Public Health, England

Answer 3

Women experience 19.1 years of poor health compared to 16.1 years for men.

Question 4

University of Wolverhampton

Answer 4

Women experience more common mental health problems than men- 26% of young women compared to 9.1% of men.

Question 5

DWP (2009)- Poverty

Answer 5

52% of children in lone-parent families are considered to be living in poverty and 90% of lone-parent families are headed by women.

Question 6

WBG- Poverty

Answer 6

mothers/wives will go without food, clothing and heat so that their child and partner have these.

Question 7

Li and Devine (2011)- Social Mobility

Answer 7

Women are less likely to be upwardly mobile and more likely to be downwardly mobile.

Question 8

Savage (2011)- Social Mobility

Answer 8

Males are 40% more likely to climb the career ladder than females.

Question 9

Parsons- division of labour (functionalism)

Answer 9

Isn’t an inequality but it’s just that different genders have different gender have different roles. Women= expressive roles, Man= instrumental role. Men are supposed to be the breadwinners, serving an instrumental role. While women should be nurturing, empathetic role.

Question 10

Tiger and Fox: Human Biogrammer (functionalism)

Answer 10

That genetics make us behave in a certain way; our primate ancestors passed this onto us. These Biogrammers create differences in male and females: Male= aggressive + dominant (they hunt), Women= programmed to reproduced and care of children. Differences in biogrammer creates sexual division of labour.

Question 11

Bowlby (Functionalism)

Answer 11

Argues that a mother’s place is in the home, they conducted a no. of studies of juvenile delinquents. They found the most psychologically disturbed had experienced separation at an early age/many had been deprived of maternal love/raised in orphanages. There is a genetically based psychological need for a close mother/child relationship.

Question 12

Human Capital Theory:(Functionalism)

Answer 12

Women lack commitment to the labour market causes them to be disadvantaged. women often choose career breaks/ work part-time to take care of children. They are less likely to train/develop career so offer less value to employers’ women have less experience than men. Difficult to be promoted. women are paid less than men because they are worth less to employers. Women lack training, qualifications and experience which all result from childcare demands. This puts them at disadvantage in the labour market.

Question 13

Beechy: (Marxism)

Answer 13

Reserved army of labour- brought in an an economic boom but thrown out in slumps. they are not in unions and are often prepared to work for less if they are the second wage earner.

Question 14

Engels: (Marxism)

Answer 14

Subordinate position of women was due to historical development and the growth of private property and the laws of hereditary rights. keen to pass on property. It became important for men to establish heirs, hence the development of monogamous relationships.

Question 15

Coontz and Henderson (Marxism)

Answer 15

Rejects that women’s subordination has always been a feature of human society. Roots of women’s oppression are found in social causes. Difference between men & women in the production of goods. Earliest societies were communal, so inequality has developed with capitalism- when property became owned by individuals rather than groups.

Question 16

Stanworth (Marxism)

Answer 16

Gender and social class interact. Shape of the class system depends on the position of the women within it and gender inequalities are partly the outcome of the operation of the class system.

Question 17

Reddington (Feminism)

Answer 17

Women are ignored in society and sociology. The active roles of females in youth subcultures were ignored e.g. Punk rock. Where females made a huge impact on the punk scene. However, in studies and society female empowerment movements like this were ignored or pushed to the side, this is due to the roles and triumphs of women being ignored in wider society.

Question 18

Mulvey (male gaze)

Answer 18

Gender inequalities still exist today due to the objectification of women in the media. The male gaze, women are constantly objectified for male viewing pleasure and placed in a position of male submission within the media. However, this relates to the wider life where female body’s are seen to be only for male pleasure and satisfaction.

Question 19

Dworkin:(feminism)

Answer 19

Gender inequalities exist due to patriarchy. Dworkin is a radical feminist who blames the exploitation of women on men. Its primarily men who have benefited of the subordination of women. Women are an oppressed group. Rape, violence and pornography are methods through which men have secured and maintained their power over women.

Question 20

Oakley: (feminism)

Answer 20

Gender inequalities exist due to the differences in socialisation. girls are socialised differently than boys. They are taught to act ‘lady-like’ through canalisation, verbal appilation and manipulation. They are socialised into lower paid jobs due to the act of caring being a big part of their socialisation. This means they tend to go into the care sector later in life where pay isn’t as high.

Question 21

Barron and Norris (Weberian)

Answer 21

women are more likely to be found in the secondary labor market, the disadvantaged secondary sector. They believe this is due to a number of reasons. women’s ‘unsuitability’, disrupted career development, weak legal and political framework supporting women.

Question 22

Wente: (New Right)

Answer 22

Asked if we still need Feminism? Found via survey that 40% of young women are in support of feminism. She argues that new wave feminism has been met and replaced by a disturbing wave of man-hating and creating a victim-culture. Although Wente isn’t a new right activist she does agree with their view that feminists are becoming feminazi’s