Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Musculoskeletal System > Gender, Family and Culture > Flashcards

Gender, Family and Culture Flashcards

1
Q

Define attachment

A

An enduring emotional relationship between two people (child and primary caregiver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some features of attachment?

A
  • can start as early as 7 months of a child’s life
  • involves proximity seeking
  • provokes separation anxiety
  • provides comfort, care, security and a safe base for exploration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Infants are pro- social. TRUE OR FALSE

Define pro- social

A

TRUE

They have a social behaviour that intents to benefit people or society as a whole.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List some innate behaviour strategies infants display

A

CRYING:
it is a clear signal of distress, them wanting attention > carers respond to signals in the appropriate way (for example by feeding the baby etc.)

LOOKING:
communication strategy > reinforces attachment

SMILING:
starts as a reflex at about 2 months but then becomes social > children realise that when they smile they receive a positive interaction from people

CUDDLING:
Human reflex that allows contact

PREFERENCE: for caregiver’s face, voice, smell and touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the features of securely attached children?

A
  • have a sensitive, warm and responsive parents
  • know that carer is available to meet their needs
  • children develop and have a positive view of themselves and others, trust and confidence in carers, sense of security
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Implications of secure attachment

A
  • Emotional and social competence
  • Greater resilience
  • Higher self esteem and independence
  • Positive peer relations
  • Better psychological health (and also perform better at school)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the characteristics of caregivers that lead to avoidant/ambivalent attachment

A
  • they are rejecting
  • indifferent
  • unavailable
  • inconsistent carers
  • insensitive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the characteristics of caregivers that lead to disorganized

A
  • Neglectful
  • Abusive
  • Carers are the source of distress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What the signs of insecurly attached children

A
  • unresolved fear
  • trauma
  • permanent feelings of lack of control
  • helplessness, confusion
  • fear, discomfort, anxiety
  • develop distorted view of themselves: unworthy of love, emotionally unavailable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Implications of insecure attachment

A
  • poor regulation of emotions
  • difficulties at school, more likely to be bullied
  • difficult in showing empathy
  • poor emotional and social competence
  • unregulated biological stress
  • lower self esteem etc
  • emotional and behavioural problems: e.g anger, aggression etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When is attachment relevant to clinical practice?

A
  • during pre- and post natal reviews
  • children do not reach the normal development milestones such as physical development ,language etc
  • when children struggle at school because of behavioural and emotional difficulties
  • clinical anxiety and depression etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are insecurely attached children more likely to develop emotional/behavioural problems than securely attached ones?

A

They develop a negative view of themselves and other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

It is the study of how being part of a social group intersects with another and might create exacerbations of already existing phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is intersectionality of ethnicity and gender

A
  • Sex is a biological aspect of gender

- Gender is the social and cultural expression of sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give examples of psychosocial stressors

A
  • Experience of bullying, violence, threats of violence and discrimination
  • Experience of being rejected
  • Feelings of shame or guilt as result of religious or cultural upbringing
  • Poor self- regard hinders health seeking
  • Anxiety over how family and friends will respond to their sexual and gender identity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Consequences of intersectionality

A

E.g women suffering from HIV/AIDS

Diabetes is 4 times higher in ethnicities of south Asian origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why are STIs difficult to control

A
  • they tend to be asymptomatic
  • increasing density and mobility of human populations
  • absence of vaccines for almost all STIs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name some common STIs

A
  • Papillomaviruses (vaccine is available and it is most common in the US and causes genetic warts)
  • Chlamydia trachomatis (most easily cured STI in the US and causes non-specific urethritis)
  • Candida albicans (causes vaginal thrush)
  • Herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 (causes genital herpes - problem of latency and reactivation)

Neisseria gonorrhoea - causes gonorrhoea - very common and resistant

HIV - causes aids (worldwide problem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the easiest entry point for microbials in STIs?

A
  • Urogenital tract > from there microbes can easily spread from one part of the tract to another (the distinction between vaginitis and urethritis is not always easy or necessary )
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name some unstable microbes

upon drying on a surface

A

Require close respiratory contact:

  • Neisseria meningitis
  • Streptococci
  • Influenza virus
  • Measles virus

Require close sexual contact:

  • HIV
  • Gonococci
  • Treponema pallidum

Spread via water, food

  • Vibrio cholera
  • Leptospira

Spread via vectors:

  • Malaria
  • Yellow fever
  • Trypanosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name some stable microbes

upon drying on a surface

A

Spread in air

  • tubercle bacilli
  • staphylococci

Spread in soil
-C.diff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vaginal defences

A
  • Vaginal pH is acidic

Benign lactobacilli colonize the vagina and metabolize glycogen to produce lactic acid > pH drops to 5.

  • Normal vaginal secretions contain up to 10^8/ml of these bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

All sexually transmitted infections are more common in …………………… males

A

Uncircumcised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which bacteria are common invaders of the urinary tract?

A

Intestinal bacteria

> mainly E.coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Symptoms of an STI and UTI are easy to differentiate. TRUE or FALSE

A

TRUE

26
Q

What pathogen is syphilis caused by?

A

Treponema pallidum

27
Q

Treponema pallidum is a spirochete. What is a spirochete?

A

Flexible, spirally bacterium (very difficult to culture)

28
Q

What how is syphilis/treponema pallidum transmitted?

A

It is transmitted by small abrasions on the skin or mucous membranes

29
Q

Why does T. Pallidum need personal contact in order for it to spread?

A

Because the organism does not survive well outside the body and is very sensitive to drying, heat and disinfectants

30
Q

How does horizontal and vertical spread occur with T. pallidum and define those terms.

A

Horizontal spread - from one individual to another
- Occurs through sexual contact

Vertical spread- from one generation to another
- Occurs via the transplacental infection of the fetus

31
Q

What are the 3 stages of syphilis after initial contact

`

A
  1. Initial contact (2-10 weeks)
    - no symptoms, multiplication of treponemas at site of infection
  2. Primary syphilis (1-3months)
    - enlarged inguinal nodes, spontaneous healing
  3. Secondary syphilis (2-6 weeks)
    - flue like illness, myalgia, headache, fever etc.
  4. Latent syphilis (3-30 years)
    - treponemas dormant in liver or spleen
  5. Tertiary syphilis
    - progressive destructive disease
    - cardiovascular syphilis, aortic lesions, heart failure etc.
32
Q

Features of vertically transmitted syphilis

A
  • serious infection can cause intrauterine death
  • congenital abnormalities
  • silent infection > might not appear until about 2 years of age (e.g facial and tooth deformities)
33
Q

Serological tests of syphilis

A

Non specific tests/ non- treponemal tests:

  • VDRL(venereal disease research laboratory) test
  • rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test
34
Q

Difference between non-treponemal and treponemal tests

A

indirect method in that they detect biomarkers that are released during cellular damage that occurs from the syphilis spirochete. In contrast, treponemal tests look for antibodies that are a direct result of the infection thus, anti-treponeme IgG, IgM and to a lesser degree IgA

35
Q

How is syphilis treated?

A

Antibiotics

  • very effective: Penicillin
  • prevention of secondary and tertiary disease depends upon early diagnosis
  • congenital syphilis is completely preventable if women are screened serologically early in pregnancy (<3months)
36
Q

What is gonorrhoea caused by?

A
  • Gram - negative bacteria > Neisseria gonorrhoea
  • Women have a 50% chance of being infected after a single sexual intercourse with an infected man
  • Men have a 20% chance following sexual intercourse with an infected woman
37
Q

What virulence factors does Neisseria gonorrhoea have?

A
  1. Pilus
    - antigenically active and make the bacterium very transmittable
  2. Por proteins aids with the binding
38
Q

What are the clinical features of gonorrhoea infection

A
  • Usually asymptomatic in many women but can cause infertility
  • Infection is usually localized
  • persistent untreated infection can result in chronic inflammation
  • symptoms usually develop within 2-7 days of infection and are characterized by:
  • —– dysuria in the male
  • —– vaginal discharge in women
39
Q

What asymptomatic GU infection?

A
  • pelvic inflammatory disease
  • chronic pelvic pain
  • infertility resulting from damage to the fallopian tubes
40
Q

What testing are available for gonorrhoea and how is it diagnoses?

A
  • molecular tests
  • penicillinase- producing N. gonorrhoea
  • vaccines are not available
41
Q

What are the different serotypes of trachomatis

A
  • Chlamydia trachomatis
  • C. psittaci
  • C.Pneumoniae
42
Q

Clinical syndromes of chlamydia infections in men

A
  • Urethritis, epididymitis, proctitis, conjunctivitis

Complications
- systemic spread, Reiter’s syndrome

43
Q

Clinical syndromes of chlamydia infections in women

A
  • Urethritis, cervicitis, conjunctivitis

Complications
Ectopic pregnancy, systemic spread and peri hepatitis

44
Q

Clinical syndromes of chlamydia infection in neonates

A

Clinical syndrome
- Conjunctivitis

Complications
- Interstitial pneumonitis

45
Q

Entry and replication of chlamdyia process

A
  1. Enters host through minute abrasions in the mucosal surface
  2. They bind to specific receptors on the host cells and enter the cells by parasite-induced endocytosis
  3. Once inside the cell, fusion of the chlamydia- containing vesicle with lysosomes is inhibited by an incompletely understood mechanism.
46
Q

How is chlamydia diagnosed?

A

Investigations:
- Nucleic acid based tests are available

Treatment:
- Prevented or treated with doxycycline or azithromycin

47
Q

What is the most common cause of Genital herpes?

A
  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV 2) BUT (hsv-1) is detected more frequently
48
Q

Why is genital herpes transmitted easily?

A
  • up to 75% do not r have symptoms and might therefore transmit this infection
49
Q

Why does HSV-2 infection increase the risk of developing HIV?

A

Because it is likely to breach the mucosal barrier as a result of the HSV ulcers

50
Q

How does genital herpes present?

A
  • Ulcerating vesicles that can take up to 2 weeks to heal
  • the virus in the lesion travels up sensory nerve endings to establish latent infection in dorsal root ganglion
  • from this site it can reactivate and travel down nerves to the same area and cause genital cold sores
51
Q

What is a rare complication of meningitis?

A
  • Aseptic meningitis or encephalitis
52
Q

How is genital herpes diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical appearance
  • HSV DNA can be detected and typed in vesicle fluid or ulcer swabs
  • more classic techniques involve isolation by immunofluorescences and using monoclonal antibodies
53
Q

Management of genital herpes?

A
  • Aciclovir can be used as treatment and prophylaxis
54
Q

What condition does the human immunodeficiency virus cause?

A

AIDS

55
Q

What are the transmission routes of HIV

A

Mucosal surfaces in particular penile, rectal and cervicovaginal

OR intravenous or percutaneous routes

56
Q

What is the windows for detecting the virus?

A

7-21 days as HIV multiplies in the mucosa and draining lymphoreticular tissue

57
Q

What cells get destroyed first in HIV

A

CD4 receptor-bearing cells

this includes monocytes, Langerhans cells, and other dendritic cells and macrophages

58
Q

What illness is HIV infection usually accompanied by?

A

-Mononucleosis-type illness (includes muscle ache, rash and maybe slight fever)

59
Q

Investigations for HIV

A

Serological tests

Molecular analysis

60
Q

Management of HIV

A

Antiviral therapy

Musculoskeletal System (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions