gender development Flashcards
sex
biological distinction between male and female
gender
social assignment or self-categorization as female or male
cisgender
individuals who identify with gender assigned at birth
transgender
individuals who do not identify with gender assigned at birth
nonbinary
individuals who do not identify as exclusively one gender
gender fluid
individuals who self-identify with a different gender depending on the context
agender
individuals who do not identify with a gender category
bigender
individuals who identify with two genders
gender-typing
process of gender socialization
gender-typed
behaviors stereotyped or expected for a given person’s assigned gender
cross-gender-typed
behaviors stereotyped or expect for the gender other than that of a given person
gender nonconforming
individuals who do not conform to gender norms
Cognitive Developmental Theory
children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
gender identity
children become aware of oneself as a gender around 30 months
gender stability
children learn gender remains the same over time around 3-4 years
gender constancy
children learn gender remains constant around 6 years
Gender Schema Theory
children learn gender roles from their culture and schemas
gender schema
organized mental representations about gender including stereotypes
gender schema filter
initial evaluation of information as relevant for one’s own gender
interest filter
initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting
Social Cognitive Theory
behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are important in understanding personality
Social Identity Theory
theory in which the formation of a person’s identity within a particular social group is explained by social categorization, social identity, and social comparison
milestones in gender development: infancy
attend to gender differences and begin to form gender-stereotypic associations with objects and activities
milestones in gender development: preschool/early childhood
learn gender stereotypes and begin gender segregation and same-gender peer preferences
milestones in gender development: middle childhood
gender constancy attained, ideas about gender are consolidated, understand gender discrimination and its unfairness
milestones in gender development: adolescence
gender role intensification, gender-role flexibility, heterosexual dating
gender differences in cognitive abilities
-females higher verbal skills
-males higher math skills
-males higher visual-spacial skills
gender differences in academic achievement
girls achieve higher overall age and more bachelors degrees, more boys drop out of highschool
gender differences in aggression
aggression in boys is tolerated more than girls
