Gender & Cultural Bias Flashcards
Universality definition?
- The application of research findings to the society/world
- irrespective of culture, gender, time (temporal validity)
- Believing behaviours are the same for all cultures means research is applicable
Gender Bias definition?
What did Freud argue in relation to this?
- Gender presented in a biased way
- leads to differential treatment of genders based on norms/stereotypes
- ‘Anatomy is destiny’ - there are biological differences between sexes
- Young girls entertaining penis-envy during the Electra complex
- femininity is a failed form of masculinity
3 types of Gender bias?
- Androcentrism
- Alpha bias
- Beta bias
Outline Androcentrism?
Androcentric studies?
When was androcentrism widespread in psychological research?
- Males, in studies, are researched only due to the sampling
- theory generated in then applied to all sexes
- Androcentrism assumes male behaviour is the norm & applicable to everyone
- Asch, Zimbardo
- 1950s-70s
Because 70% of psych students are female what could this result in, in the future?
- Gynocentrism could develop in research in the future
Outline Alpha bias?
Give a Freudian example?
Give a research example?
- When differences between sexes are exaggerated
- Women experience penis-envy during Electra complex (women=failed masculinity)
- Reichmann (1948) schizophrenogenic mother
Outline Beta bias?
How can psych research show this?
- Ignores/minimised differences between men & women assuming they are the same
- assumes findings of men can apply equally to women
Give a research example of Beta bias?
What is this dilemma is this research based on? (can of beans)
What research counter offended these findings?
- Kohlberg constructed a moral stage theory
- used boys aged 10-16 over 20 years
- research found females where at a lower moral level
- Heinz’s Dilemma
- Gilligan (1982) developed her own moral stage theory
- research found females didn’t have lower morals but they were different
- e.g. women are more affectionate & caring
What 3 ways can a psychologist avoid gender bias?
- Stratified sampling
- Representative sampling
- research within the context of a specific group itself e.g. just women, & do not apply it to men
AO3 Gender bias
Androcentric Research?
P - Androcentric research applied to women showed differences according to gender
E - Kohlberg’s stage theory of morals
E - Androcentric research can only apply to men & not women (not useful & lacks in universality)
L - Psych has significant biases understanding gender behaviour
AO3 Gender bias
Analysis of Beta bias?
(Hare-Mustard, Marriage-Cheque)
P - Analysis of Beta bias, whilst equality is important we should not minimise differences between gender even if it disadvantages a sex
E - Hare-Mustin & Maracek found arguing for gender ignores power imbalance
E - Equal parenting rights v.s. biological demands of a women to nurture for their child e.g. Bowlby’s maternal deprivation
L - Could result in attachment issues/development of schizophrenia in adulthood
AO3 Gender bias
Gender bias can go against both sexes?
(Chode)
(women & depression)
P - Gender bias goes against both males & females
E - Alpha bias can heighten value of women
E - Chodorow (1978) found women are more affectionate & caring
E - results in clinicians advancing more care towards them, women more likely to be diagnosed with depression & get treated v.s. males
L - DSM could be biased towards women as males are perceived to just ‘man up’, highlighting flaws in DSM
AO3 Gender bias
Changes in research methodology & research towards females?
P - Changes in research methodology & research towards females
E - 70% undergraduate psychology students are female & probably influenced this
E - Carol Gilligan (1982): women have different morals v.s. men, Carol made her own stage theory on morals & gender
L - Gilligan showed differences, but no moral differences are better than the other, they are necessary towards humanities operation (evolutionary perspective)
