Gender (Chappy 6) Flashcards
Define sex and gender, what are the differences?
Sex: biological characteristics of females/males - assigned at birth
Gender: roles/characteristics society associates with male/female - binary concept is not universal as it is socialized
Define pan-gender, cisgender and transgender?
What gender is recognized in germany on passports/I.D?
Pan-gender, non-gender, non-identifying, queer-gender etc.
Trans - umbrella term for persons whose gender identity, gender expression of behaviour does not conform to that typically associated with the sex assigned at birth
Cisgender - sex and gender are the same
Germany = Intersex
Who is Harold Garfinkle, what is his theroy?
Studied an intersex person named agnes - the idea of “passing” as a certain gender by conforming to certain gender roles
What is gender identity?
What is gender expression?
Gender identity: refers to internal sense of male, female or spectrum
Gender expression: refers to the way a person communicates gender identity to others behavior, clothing, hairstyles, voice or body characteristics
Why is gender important to the “core status” of a person? what case serves as an example of its importance?
Gender is centrally important to our sense of self - who we are and how others interact with us
How gender is defined is legal, psychiatrically, medically and socioculturally determines how certain genders can operate in society
ex: Nixon v. Vancouver Rape Relief Society - the question of “what makes a woman” in this case is a matter of legal decision making as much as it is a matter of biology or lived experience
What did Judith Butler say about gender? what controversially titled theory backs her ideas?
Performativity - gender is socially performed at a micro level (socialization and interaction)
Gender as process rather than an essence
Policing/regulating gender roles, norms, and expectations
Study: “Dude You’re a Fag” (Pascoe 2007)
Creation of normative ideas of masculinity through the constant use of derogatory term
What are gender roles? what can this include and what are the variables upon which they vary?
Set of expected behaviours/attitudes that related to being female or male
Includes clothes, physical attributes, mannerisms, attitudes and behaviour
Appropriate roles vary according to set of social, cultural, religious and historical situations
What are gendered leadership roles? Is there any evidence to support gendered leadership roles?
Masculine + Feminine styles - content of people’s stereotypes about women and men
Studies suggest: cultural association between traditional notions of masculinity and concepts of leadership
Women less likely viewed as capable unless they act masculine but still not evaluated equally positively - especially when leading groups of men/male dominated occupations
Is there any evidence to support implicit gender bias in hiring procedures?
Yale 2012 - Moss Racusin / Handelsman
127 scientists review job application of identically qualified male and female applicants
Both male and female science faculty prefer man
More likely to hire men, willing to pay 4000 or more, higher competency, more willing to provide mentoring
Participants unaware that they were discriminating - did not discuss this in their reasoning, gender biases are not a result of ingroup favoritism, gender stereotypes influence perception
What is the stereotype that accompanies gender being viewed as human nature? What did Simone De Beauvoir have to say about women in this respect?
Gender as nature stereotype
Ex: maternal instinct, calculating man
Simone De Beauvoir - women as other, defined always in relation to men but not independently - “one is not born, but becomes a woman”
What is the essentialist view of gender? what is constructionist view?
What are the arguments againsts an essentialist view of gender?
Hint: there are two names attached to the third reasoning
E: Differences between men and women are innate
C: Gender is a social construction
Arguments against essentialism
1: if gender is determined by biology then how do we explain culture and historical variations in gender
2: Gendered traits change across time and culture
3: Neurological and socio-biological explanations are contradictory and reductionist
Cordelia Fine “Delusions of Gender”
Simon Baron Cohen “The Essential Difference”
4. What about the role of social power in defining what gender is and should be?
Culture organizes and gives meaning to biology and lived experiences, not the other way around
Mass Prac Q :
In what ways are biological and assumed personality differences utilized to legitimize the status quo and thus social inequalities?
Explain bitch
