Gender CD

Question 1

FUNCTIONALISTS?

Answer 1

• Socialisation difference

Question 2

FUNC -= Sutherland (1949)?

Answer 2

%%% MASCULINE THING

• Clear soc differences
• Girls supervised (domestic/passive)
• Boys encouraged to take risks/be tough
• If woman deviant, soc differently - E.G. brothers

Question 3

FUNC = Parsons (1955)?

Answer 3

%%% ACCESS TO ROLE MODEL

• Men instrumental, requires leadership
• Women expressive
• Girls access role-model of gender frequently (home)
• Boys don’t, (work) so, CD

Question 4

FEMINISTS?

Answer 4

• Why women DONT commit crime

Question 5

FEM = Smart (1976)?

Answer 5

%%% MEN INTERNALISE, WOMEN BETREAY

• Girls have stricter soc
• E.G. going out
• ‘Prisoners of own home’
• Men in crime, ‘role expressive’, extension if dominant aggressor.
• Women are ‘role distorting’
• So, men true man, women betraying gender
• ‘Double deviant’ women

Question 6

FEM = Carlen (1987)?

Answer 6

%%% NOTHING TO LOSE

• Women criminals when crime not outweigh benefits of women, not conform
• Not much to lose

Question 7

BIOLOGICAL?

Answer 7

• Biological deviance

Question 8

BIO = Lombrosso (1898)?

Answer 8

%%% NATURE OF GENDER

• Women have natural passivity, not possess enough intelligence/initiative to break law.
• Women who are ‘born criminal’ show masculine traits and lack maternal instinct.

Question 9

BIO = Thomas (1907)?

Answer 9

%%% PERSONALITY DIFFERENCE

• Men and women have different personality traits
• Men are more active, women passive.
• Women need social approval
• Through domestic, MC women choose to accept.
• Poor females lack soc/morality, refuse submissive role, use sexuality for emotional gain.

Question 10

RECENT CHANGES IN FEMALE CRIMINALITY?

Answer 10

• Rise of female liberation, fewer behaviour restrictions

- Encourages crime

Question 11

CHANGES = Adler?

Answer 11

%%% EXPECTATION CHANGE

• Changes in expected female behaviour
• E.G. ‘laddish’
• Crime of men still higher
• (Home office) men 83% arrests 2013

Question 12

CHANGES = Chesney-Lind (1997)?

Answer 12

%%% ECONOMIC

• Poor women more likely criminal than ‘liberated’
• So, CD economic
• More women now commit ‘male offences’, E.G. drugs

Question 13

CHANGES = James and Thornton (1980)?

Answer 13

%%% LACK FEMALE KNOWLEDGE

• Female prisoners more likely from POV/uneducated.
• So, nothing of female behaviour

Question 14

CHANGES = Gelsthorpe (2006)?

Answer 14

%%% DECLINE OF CHIV

• Increase of men in prison down to shift in sentencing policy
• Decline of ‘chivalry’

Question 15

MASCULINITY, WHY MEN COMMITT MORE CRIME?

Answer 15

• Pressure of breadwinner

Question 16

MASC = Messerschmidt (1993)?

Answer 16

%%% HEGE PUSHED

• Hegemonic masc pushed
• Through gangs, sex

Question 17

MASC = Mosher (1991)?

Answer 17

%%% IMITATION

• Hypermasculinity dangerous/accepts violence
• Poor jobless youths display masc through gangs
• Often show masc taught/seen growing up (imitation)
• ‘Crisis of masc’ - WC men feel emasculated by loss of breadwinner role, manual work

Question 18

MASC = Winlow (2001)?

Answer 18

%%% UNEMPLOYMENT

• Study WC men in Sunderland
• Mass unemployment left men without status
• Violence more significant
• Way of making money if unemployed.