Gender and Society Flashcards
Index of dissimilarity
the most widely used tool to measure sex segregation
vertical segregation
where men occupy the most desirable occupations; gotten weaker over time
horizontal segregation
The distribution of women and men across occupations in ways that reaffirm gender stereotypes
Emotional labor
expectations of interaction with clients or customers, involves worker subjectivity and sense of self
job evaluation
What employers use to determine how pay is assigned to jobs and to justify relative pay rates. See “Valuative Discrimination”
spillover
when gender expectations outside of workforce emerged into the workforce
allocative discrimination
assigning men and women to different jobs
statistical discrimination
when a job applicant was treated as if he or she possessed characteristics typical of his or her gender. ???
Theory of inequality between demographic groups based on stereotypes that do not arise from prejudice or racial and gender bias
valuative discrimination
job evaluation used by employers which is used to identify and correct a form of gender bias in a wage setting
intersectionality
The clashes between the different identities (race, gender, ability, nationality, sexuality, class) that help us to understand people’s experiences.
racialized sexuality
e.g. Asian men are submissive, Latina women are fiery/seductive, Black men are dominant
hypersexualization
Excessively accentuating the sexuality of someone (in the context of black men and rape accusations) Markovitz “Anatomy of a Spectacle”
super strong black mother
They embody the stereotype of being held accountable for their children’s actions as opposed to being uninterested in their children. Think of the mother who stopped her son from joining the riots in Baltimore
offloading
When a privileged group passes the buck to a less educated or lower status group. e.g. Upper-and-Middle Class whites offloading responsibility for racist culture and bigotry onto lower class “hillbillies.”
white trash culture
Cultural norms attributed to lower class, generally rural white Americans, usually depicted as immoral or a perversion of “upstanding white morals.” Different names imply different locations- different types of “ white trash”
Hillbillies: regional, rural culture
Hicks: Uneducated and rural
Rednecks: Lowland cultureless laborers
White Trash: Regionless description of lower class, uneducated whites
hyper-incarceration
The concentrated incarceration of a particular group of people (specifically minorities); different from mass incarceration, which implies that the entire population is being incarcerated (Wacquant)
mass incarceration
meant to define increase in all incarcerated people, but targets marginalized populations, not the masses; gender stereotype is that most people in mass incarceration are males (doesn’t exist)
securitization
Subjects of a specific population are increasingly “targeted, monitored, policed, and incarcerated.” Intertwined with hyperincarceration and disciplinary domain of power. (Intersectionality, p. 156) Another piece of neoliberalism, the state is there to protect and create the market: creation of enemies, seeing specific cultures as threats, policing culture and protest. Gender and race affect what “rules” you’re subjected to/which rules are enforced.
institutionalization
the process through which different social systems of power/inequality becomes systematic; institutionalized inequalities are not usually questioned or even recognized as sources of inequality; institutionalized inequalities are reinforced on more than just the individual/interactional level
paternalism
referred originally to the traditional father-child relationship whereby the father cared for and exercised control over his children. In this view, father were assumed to love their children, understand their needs, and act in their best interests. Children were seen as less capable and competent than adults and thus were expected to defer to their father’s authority and guidance. This then also applies to husband-wife relationships where women are seen as needing the care, protection, and guidance of males.
deference
Implies that these positive feelings (in regards to Paternalism) are reciprocated by the subordinate group who see no reason to challenge the dominant group’s control over them.
carceral feminism
obtaining social justice by incarcerating and prosecuting perpetrators of violence against women
legitimation
refers to the process through which inequalities are justified- they are understood in ways that make them fair and reasonable. Inequalities may be taken for granted, seen as acceptable, embraced as desirable, or perhaps merely tolerated. In regards to gender, we can consider how the wage gap is legitimized through ideologies were women have less experience and reliability due to motherhood
ideology
“dominant, widely shared worldview that reflects people’s understanding of the world around them” (doesn’t have to be true so long as it’s widely-accepted) -
gender essentialism
ideology that claims men and women are inherently, naturally different. Used to justify gender inequality
classical liberalism
Adam Smith-era beliefs that free markets and the “invisible hand” are the best economic approaches; ideas eventually morphed to become modern-day neoliberalism
fordism
the rise of mass production and economic growth due (demand based) to industrialism in the post-war era. Women started joining the labor force, but still in jobs that are stereotypically “female.” Others stayed at home as perfect housewives while husbands worked.
neoliberalism
“Market Society” Economic and social free-market theory originating in the mid-1900’s. Based on the idea of the government overseeing the disintegration of limitations on business. By association, this means abolishing social programs favoring any group. “The general idea that society works best when the people and the institutions within it work or are shaped to work according to market principles”
social Darwinism
the playing field is level; everyone should fend for themselves
consent
In most contexts, there is a standing presumption that one does not have access to and may not make use of another’s body, property, personal info, or other elements of his or her personal domain. This presumption is reversed, however, when (and for as long as) the other consents to such access. Consent thus alters the structure of rights and obligations between two or more parties.
Standing assumption that rape is not implied, permanent, or passive
the stereotype is that consent has to come from a female in a heterosexual relationship or the more feminine partner in a homosexual relationship
mens rea
legal term; used to defend rapists; states that in order for a rapist to be convicted, they must have been aware that the other person was not consenting. “The man who believes that the woman is consenting is not guilty of rape.”
rape myths
- Women asked for rape by certain behaviors. 2. Men appear attractive when they are sexually active and show dominance.
force
defining rape as forced and lack of consent. “Sex that is undeniably forced is, nevertheless, not rape if the victim “consented” to it.
Ex. consensual forced sex - marriage, “rough sex”
Ex. non consensual unforced sex - fraud misrepresentation, nonviolent coercion
Power/hierarchies
non consensual unforced sex
fraudulent misinterpretation “sex with me is necessary to cure your illness”
fraudulent misrepresentation
tricking someone into giving their consent for a sexual activity. Making someone think that the sexual behavior is necessary for this person. This type of rape can occur to anyone of any gender, but it is especially prevalent with male authority figures over young women (i.e. a male doctor and a young female college athlete). Ex: A doctor saying that in order to get better the patient should perform this sexual activity with the doctor (Larry Nassar)
nonviolent coercion
trying to get someone to give their consent for sexual activity through “rewards” and “punishments” (ex: if you have sex with me, you’ll get the promotion… if you don’t, I’ll fire you.)
crime of rape
refers to non-consensual sexual intercourse that is committed by physical force, threat of injury, or other duress. Most of the time this definition defines rape between a man and a woman, very heteronormative
attitudinal consent
Attitudinal see consent as mental state of affirmation or willingness.
performative consent
physically saying yes
consensual forced sex
married woman cannot be raped, again very heteronormative
crack baby panic
The belief that babies of crack-addicted mothers would end up with serious birth defects affecting development and tendencies toward violence, not well-founded in actual science but instead largely based in racially biased fears
opioid crisis
Contemporary crisis largely affecting rural white Americans; as a result of the demographic whom it affects, this issue is treated far more as a public health crisis rather than a crime problem in comparison to other epidemics such as crack in the 80s/90s
meritocracy
society being regulated through the market, individuals responsible for their own social outcome giving them a sense of personal responsibility. (ie. the survival of the fittest)
gender-centric reasoning
the idea that what one gender likes, the other does not. I.e. boys like blue, hate pink. Girls like pink, hate blue.
doing gender
habitual, virtually automatic natural attitude in social construction
compulsory motherhood
Cultural belief prescribing that “women should find full fulfillment” in motherhood.
Title IX
Prohibits gender discrimination in higher education, covers university sexual violence investigations
gender stereotypes
refers to characteristics and behaviors often associated with men or women.
gender identity
The ability to self-determine as male or female
interpersonal domain
what your identity means when you walk in the room
Ex. (black women) dating, marriage, the workplace, domestic violence
disciplinary domain
what are the rules for you vs. the rules for someone else; what
happens when you break the rules
Ex. (black women) child protective services, race and gender ID
(black men) justice system
cultural domain
What are the justifications of inequality? Does everyone have an even
Playing field?
Ex.everyone has equal opportunity even though that’s not the case
Those who do the best are the ones who try hard, and those who aren’t
doing well didn’t try hard enough
structural domain
how something is set up (an institution, marriage, organization) How
society is organized (citizenship, economy, health)
Ex. (black women) Access to education, health care, law, spacial
segregation
classical liberalism
free markets; market economy; laissez faire
neoliberalism
the adea we should live in a market society
Privatization, Deregulation, Austerity, Personal Responsibility
elements of intersectionality
Relationality, Social Context, Power Relations, Social Inequality, Social Justice, Complexity
