GENDER AND SOCIETY

Question 1

who was the ‘first feminist’?

Answer 1

mary wollstanecroft

Question 2

factors that have changed the family social landscape in Britain

Answer 2

ease of divorce, wedding ceremonies, single parents, births outside marriage and civil partnerships, gay relationships, blended families, cohabitation

Question 3

what is biological sex

Answer 3

physical attributes, most people are born clearly male/female. gender is more sophisticated than this

Question 4

what is gender biology

Answer 4

physical characteristics that enable someone to be identified as a male/female

Question 5

what is gender identification

Answer 5

the way people perceive themselves in terms of masculine, feminine, both or neither

Question 6

what is gender expression

Answer 6

the way in which people behave as a result of their gender identification eg clothing and speech

Question 7

how are biological sex v gender known/formed

Answer 7

biological sex is determined at birth but gender is heavily influenced by society

Question 8

what is socialisation

Answer 8

the lifelong process by which we learn the norms of our society - tells us how people of different genders are expected to behave in society

Question 9

how are we socialised in the uk to think of gender

Answer 9

in binary terms - male and female and people should depend on one or the other depending on biological sex

Question 10

who was harriet taylor the wife of

Answer 10

jsm

Question 11

what did harriet taylor advocate for

Answer 11

equality in all rights - political, civil and social

Question 12

what type of feminist was harriet taylor

Answer 12

first wave

Question 13

when was betty friedan active

Answer 13

1960s

Question 14

what did betty friedan advocate for

Answer 14

true equality was only possible when men and women had changed their mindset, without a change in attitude society would remain patriarchal

Question 15

what role did betty friedan want to move away from for women

Answer 15

traditional housewife

Question 16

what did simone debeavoir believe about mindset

Answer 16

mindset of men AND women needs to change, women suffer from false-consciousness

Question 17

what is the mindset of women (S.D)

Answer 17

the second sex book - women have allowed themselves to act role of wife/lover/sex object according to needs of men so cannot live authentic fulfilled lives - they unconsciously allow for this to happen

Question 18

what did s.d believe women inbetween

Answer 18

a male and a eunuch (castrated male). women are not born as women but are made into women.

Question 19

what is the ‘eternal feminine’

Answer 19

women accepted and encouraged to be ideal of what men expect of them - bystanders

Question 20

what are the two nature/nurture positions

Answer 20

essentialist and existentialist

Question 21

what is the essentialist view

Answer 21

distinctive feminine and masculine characteristics, not product of society but intrinsic to biology and nature

Question 22

example of essentialist thinking

Answer 22

women’s bodies are designed to bear children and so gender identity is naturally more nurturing and domestic

Question 23

what is the existentialist view

Answer 23

culture and upbringing are far more important than bio features

Question 24

example of existentialist thinking

Answer 24

in certain cultures, curvy bodies are attractive whereas in others, breasts or face shape are more attractive

Question 25

foucault on nature v nurture

Answer 25

abandons essentialist and existentialist distinction. uses sexuality rather than gender. human sexuality cannot be defined in binary terms. ars erotica - the purpose of sex is for pleasure, companionship and education.

Question 26

what does foucault believe on controlling sexual practices

Answer 26

it is a useful means of maintaining power (scientia sexualis)

Question 27

what is first wave feminism

Answer 27

concerned with gaining rights for women to vote

Question 28

what is second wave feminism

Answer 28

took on wider issues, particularly women's sexual and reproductive health and equality in the workplace

Question 29

what is third wave feminism

Answer 29

movements beginning in 1990s calling into question whole idea of gender roles as well as aiming to be more inclusive

Question 30

name two biblical ideas that show christian teaching on gender roles of men and women

Answer 30

order of nature and the covenant ideal

Question 31

explain order of nature

Answer 31

genesis 1, men and women created imago dei and their primary role is to reproduce and maintain natural order in the world

Question 32

what happened to order of nature after fall

Answer 32

gender distinctions exaggerated - women would have pain in childbirth and were ruled by their husbands, men would work and provide

Question 33

what did the change in the order of nature/ gender roles mean for present day

Answer 33

men inherit public sphere of work and women private

Question 34

explain gods covenant ideal

Answer 34

effects of fall mean that human nature has become so distorted that men and women cannot live according to natural order alone, god reestablishes human relationships as a covenant ideal through biblical commands

Question 35

2 ex. of gods covenant ideal

Answer 35

- Martha and Mary (Luke 10) - Mary new extended female role and Martha older traditional role. Martha criticised as she can only think about her duties whereas Mary learns role of disciple from Jesus. - st paul and letter to the ephesians - possible to interpret 'the head of the wife' differently as traditionally subservient but head also mean 'source of life'? which emphasises relationship. overall inconsistent view.

Question 36

what are the 4 contemporary christian responses to secular gender, parenthood and family

Answer 36

conservative protestants, liberal protestants, roman catholics, roman catholic feminists

Question 37

options for what christians can do in face of secular change in society

Answer 37

resist change and maintain timeless values and become irrelevant OR adapt to current needs but lose distinctiveness

Question 38

what do conservative protestant christians do in the face of secular change in society

Answer 38

biblical theology is timeless and should resist buying into secular changes in society

Question 39

what book did kathy rudy publish on conservative protestant view of gender roles

Answer 39

'sex and the church'

Question 40

what side of the political spectrum has an influence on conservative Protestantism

Answer 40

the right

Question 41

what/who are right wing teachings rooted in

Answer 41

augustine and luther

Question 42

why are conservative protestants critical of liberal ideologies such as feminism

Answer 42

it is considered to be the root cause of family breakdown which contributes to destabilising society and traditional values. it has confused gender roles and set unrealistic expectations for women.

Question 43

what right wing ideal does feminism undermine

Answer 43

the american dream

Question 44

conservative protestants on equality

Answer 44

men and women are created equal but different to fulfil their gender roles

Question 45

why are men and women equal but different (conservative protestants on equality)

Answer 45

- men and women created dif from beginning (genesis) - god ordained men and women would have different gender roles and society functions best when 'orders of creation' are observed

Question 46

what do conservative protestants consider gender to be

Answer 46

determined by biological sex as ordered by god in his creation and after the fall

Question 47

conservative protestant stance on motherhood and parenthood - what is the role of the woman?

Answer 47

to be a wife and a mother and create the domestic haven where her husband can escape external world

Question 48

where is role of mother and wife traced back to conservative protestant

Answer 48

eve - mother of all living things.

Question 49

why is conservative Protestantism critical of those who undermine mothers role

Answer 49

a woman who works outside the home not only removes a job from a man but diminishes a mans role and responsibility to his wife

Question 50

role of man in parenthood

Answer 50

to be companion to his wife by providing for the family and assisting in the education and discipline of children outlined by St Paul

Question 51

what types of families do conservative protestants not approve of

Answer 51

homosexual, unmarried. parents are to complement each other (biblical evidence) and endorse reports that say children do less well educationally and are less happy in blended families, single parent families, same sex families and non married families.

Question 52

what do conservative protestants argue about social trends permitting rise of cohabitation and same sex relationships

Answer 52

- led to eroticisation of western society - relationships too private and egocentric - couples expect too much from their relationships and with ease of divorce and social acceptance of cohabitation no compulsion to make relationships work

Question 53

conservative protestantism usa movement

Answer 53

ERA (equal rights amendment) campaigning/anti-era

Question 54

who was the anti feminist in era movement

Answer 54

phyllis schlafly

Question 55

what was the purpose of the era

Answer 55

act to ensure equality of opportunity for all citizens regardless of sex in employment, property and divorce

Question 56

general stance of liberal protestant christian responses

Answer 56

- more readily accept the secular insights - interpret bible as sourcebook of experiences rather than revelation - supportive of elements of foucault's insights, notably those which decouple gender from sex

Question 57

liberal protestant christian response to gender roles

Answer 57

point of biblical covenant ideal which governs gender roles is that gender is not intrinsic in nature bc covenant is human reflection of with it means to be in a relationship with god

Question 58

liberal protestant christian response to motherhood and parenthood

Answer 58

motherhood no particular symbolic or ontological significance. can do it but no imperative that have to aspire to

Question 59

liberal protestant christian response to role of mary

Answer 59

she can be an unhelpful image to women

Question 60

liberal protestant christian response to non-traditional families and sociologist name

Answer 60

- jesse bernard - where children are loved, feel secure and provided for then a family might equally be a single, blended, same sex etc. - also biblical teaching not one type of family - 'community of friends'

Question 61

catholic responses generally

Answer 61

ambivalent about feminism

Question 62

where can effects of feminist theology be seen for catholics

Answer 62

pope john paul ii's apostolic letter - mulieris dignitatem

Question 63

what does mulieres dignitatem seek to address

Answer 63

relationship and roles of men and women have not always been understood well. uses bible, tradition and natural law as its foundations to correct this.

Question 64

what is at heart of mulieres dignitatem

Answer 64

paradigm of mary, mother of god and theotokos - mary's role illustrates special role of women in process of salvation as birth of christ illustrates human virtues of obedience and dignity for men and women

Question 65

catholic response to gender roles

Answer 65

muilieres dignitatis responds to feminists accusing church of patriarchy and sexism. men and women equal in likeness of god. rejects traditional view that men active, women passive. both are creative and active in different ways. man does not possess wife and respect and equality in marriage however this does not permit woman to take on male roles.

Question 66

catholic response to motherhood and parenthood

Answer 66

rejects feminist criticisms that made by writers such as de beauvoir that motherhood is demeaning. 5 point focus: - mary the model - mystery of generation - special gift - mutuality - active motherhood

Question 67

catholic response to different types of family

Answer 67

sociological evidence supports the case that children raised in intact families where parents are heterosexual and married are psychologically stronger

Question 68

catholic opinion on cohabitation, even as trial marriage

Answer 68

does not tolerate!